• The fossil record and molecular studies concur that the diversification that produced most animal phyla occurred rapidly on the vast scale of geologic time.• This lasted about 40 million years (about 565 to 525 million years ago) during the late Precambrian and early Cambrian (which began about 543 million years ago).Most animal phyla originated in a brief span of geological time• The strongest evidence for the initial appearance of multicellular animals is found in the the last period of the Precambrian era, the Ediacaran period.– Fossils from the Ediacara Hills of Australia (565 to 543 million years ago) and other sites around the world consist primarily of cnidarians, but soft-bodied mollusks were also present, and numerous fossilized burrows and tracks indicate the presence of worms.– Recently, fossilized animal embryos in China from 570 million years ago and what could be fossilized burrows from rocks 1.1 billion years ago have been reported.• Data from molecular systematics suggest an animal origin about a billion years ago.• Nearly all the major animal body plans appear in Cambrian rocks from 543 to 525 million years ago.• During this relatively short time, a burst of animal origins, the Cambrian explosion, left a rich fossil assemblage.– It includes the first animals with hard, mineralized skeletons• On the scale of geologic time, animals diversified so rapidly that it is difficult from the fossil record to sort out the sequence of branching in animal phylogeny.– Because of this, systematists depend largely on clues from comparative anatomy, embryology, developmental genetics, and molecular systematics of extant species.• Some systematists studying animal phylogeny interpret the molecular data as supporting three Cambrian explosions, not just one.• For the three main branches of bilateral animals - Lophotrochozoa, Ecdysozoa, and Deuterostomia - the relationships among phyla within each are difficult to resolve, but the differences between these three cladesare clear, based on their nucleic acid sequences.– This suggests that these three cladesbranched apart very early, probably in the Precambrian. • Zoologists recognize about 35 phyla of animals.• For the past century, there was broad consensus among systematists for the major branches of the animal phylogenetic tree.– This was based mainly on anatomical features in adults and certain details of embryonic development.• However, the molecular systematics of the past decade is challenging some of these long-held ideas about the phylogenetic relationships among the animal phyla. • It must be frustrating that the phylogenetic trees in textbooks cannot be memorized as fossilized truths.• On the other hand, the current revolution in systematics is a healthy reminder that science is both a process of inquiry and dynamic.– Emerging technologies such as molecular biology and fresh approaches such as cladistics produce new data or stimulate reconsideration of old data.The remodeling of phylogenetic trees illustrates the process of scientific inquiry• New hypotheses or refinements of old ones represent the latest versions of what we understand about nature based on the best available evidence.• Evidence is the key word because even our most cherished ideas in science are probationary.– Science is partly distinguished from other ways of knowing because its ideas canbe falsified through testing with experiments and observations.– The more testing that a hypothesis withstands, the more credible it becomes.• A comparison of the traditional phylogenetic tree of animals with the remodeled tree based on molecular biology shows agreement on some issues and disagreement on others.• Though the new data from molecular systematics are compelling, the traditional view of animal phylogeny still offers some important advantages for helping us understand the diversity of animal body plans.• The traditional view of relationships among animal phyla are based mainly on key characteristics of body plans and embryonic development.• Each major branch represents a grade, which is defined by certain body-plan features shared by the animals belonging to that branch.The traditional phylogenetic tree of animals is based mainly on grades in body “plans”• The basic organization of germ layers, concentric layers of embryonic tissue that form various tissues and organs, differs between radiata and bilateria.• The radiata are said to be diploblasticbecause they have two germ layers. – The ectoderm, covering the surface of the embryo, give rise to the outer covering and, in some phyla, the central nervous system.– The endoderm, the innermost layer, lines the developing digestive tube, or archenteron, and gives rise to the lining of the digestive tract and the organs derived from it, such as the liver and lungs of vertebrates.• The bilateria are triploblastic.– The third germ layer, the mesodermlies between the endoderm and ectoderm.– The mesoderm develops into the muscles and most other organs between the digestive tube and the outer covering of the animal.(3) The Bilateria can be divided by the presence or absence of a body cavity (a fluid-filled space separating the digestive tract from the outer body wall) and by the structure the body cavity.• Acoelomates (the phylum Platyhelminthes) have a solid body and lack a body cavity.• In some organisms, there is a body cavity, but it is not completely lined by mesoderm.– This is termed a pseudocoelom.– These pseudocoelomates include the rotifers (phylum Rotifera) and the roundworms (phylum Nematoda).• Coelomates are organisms with a true coelom, a fluid-filled body cavity completely lined by mesoderm.– The inner and outer layers of tissue that surround the cavity connect dorsally and ventrally to form mesenteries, which suspend the internal organs.• A body cavity has many functions.– Its fluid cushions the internal organs, helping to prevent internal injury.– The noncompressible fluid of the body cavity can function as a hydrostatic skeleton against which muscles can work.– The presence of the cavity enables the internal organs to grow and move independently of the outer body wall.(4) The coelomate phyla are divided into two grades based on differences in their development.– The mollusks, annelids, arthropods, and several other phyla belong to the protostomes, while echinoderms, chordates, and some other phyla belong to