GEOG 256 1st Edition Lecture 7 Outline of Last Lecture II Why focus on cities III Q and A IV Advantages and Disadvantages V Types of sustainability Outline of Current Lecture II Types and Sources III Effects IV Strategies Solutions V Q and A Current Lecture Strategies for Clean Air Types and Sources Types o o o o Particulates dust smoke pollen mist Gases CO CO2 SO2 VOC Primary vs Secondary e g VOC NOx Heat and sunlight ozone smog Criteria pollutants common and detrimental Carbon monoxide C02 sulfur oxides Sox nitrogen oxides NOx ozone O3 lead Pb and particulate matter PM Sources o Natural biogenic Volcanoes trees VOCs fires o Manmade Anthropogenic These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Stationary homes factories Mobile cars trucks airplanes Effects On people o Commonly heart and lung disease Also cancers fetal death neurological disorders poisoning On nature o Climate change visibility acid raid ozone depletion skin cancer tree disease runoff water pollution o On structures monuments and buildings e g Parthenon In US pollution is down 63 despite growth But Americans breathe dangerous air Sources Most non greenhouse air pollution comes from vehicles Greenhouse gasses also come from vehicles buildings and factories Q Air Pollution is anthropogenic A False Q Since the 1970 s in the US air pollution is A Down Q The biggest source of non green house air pollution is A Vehicles Key Strategies for Cities Reduce vehicle miles travelled vmt Improve vehicle efficiency Improving building energy efficiency Use renewables Protect sensitive receptors Lessen head islands Focus on Urban Form Compact complete walk able Denser more compact more walk able more transit served cities use dramatically less energy per capita Driving and the building environment the effects of compact development on motorized travel energy use and CO2 emissions Compact development patters would reduce vehicle miles driven Shorten trip lengths Makes walking and bikes competitive Make transit easier to support Mixing uses houses closer to jobs and shipping can reduce trip lengths too Doubling residential density could cut VMT by up to 25 if coupled with job clusters good transit service mixed uses demand management connectivity Additional indirect benefits from small cars attached housing truck delivery Improving accessibility without increasing density Walkability connectivity mixed use Non Land Use Strategies for Cutting Vehicle Emissions Fuel efficiency standards Vehicular emissions controls High tolls and parking fees Traffic calming Traffic free zones Preferential car pool bus lanes Q If you add jobs to a part of the city where there aren t many jobs but lots of housing you will A Reduce VMT Q In cities petroleum use A Decreases with increased density Q To increase walking it is best to A Both increase nearby destinations and increase connectivity Energy Efficient Buildings Techno economic potential 30 35 Payback time 10 years Energy efficient and net zero buildings Management behavior recommissioning and housekeeping Occupier information and control Appliances lighting space and water heating Occupancy sensors Insulation and glazing Orientation Shading structures and landscaping Low embodied energy Ventilation Depth and daylight Shared walls Renewable energy production solar thermal wind green power purchasing etc Heat Island Effect Defined as air temp differential between urban centers and adjacent rural areas can be several degrees Can worsen ozone pollution o NOx VOC more heat more photochemical smog o More head more AC more pollution from power plants o More heat more VOC evaporation from cars Driven by o Displacement of natural vegetation o Impervious surfaces of roads and buildings o Waste heat produced by buildings vehicles and industry Solutions Cool roofs 20 less a c o Required in CA Cool pavement Green roofs Shade trees Cool roofs and pavement worldwide no cars for 18 years Q Insulation improvements are the most cost effective way to mitigate climate change A True