GEOL 1425 1st Edition Lecture 6 Outline of Current Lecture I. About earth materialsII. The atomic structure of matterIII. How do minerals form? IV. Physical properties of mineralsV. Review for testCurrent Lecture—Earth Materials: Minerals and RocksI. About Earth Materialsa. Basic chemistry—different atoms and combinations of those form the materials that build up rocks. The structure of atoms helps us to understand the arrangement of minerals.b. Minerals were not created in the lab. (lab-created crystals/diamonds would NOT be considered minerals)c. Crystalline structure—due to the way the elements are arrangedd. Marble-looking structures were probably the shell of a marine organism at one pointe. Quartz is a very stable mineralf. CONCEPT 1- atoms of one or more elements in various structures arrangements are building blocks of minerals; minerals bond together and are the building blocks of rocksII. The atomic structure of mattera. Nucleus of atom= protons and neutrons; Electrons surround the nucleus. b. Atomic number- # of protons in nucleus; found on periodic tablec. Atomic mass- # of protons and neutrons; there are many elements with different isotopes (elements with the same amount of protons and different amount of neutrons)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.d. Chemical compounds are formed by electron sharing between reacting atoms, orelectron exchange between the reacting atoms. e. Sharing electrons is a much stronger bond than exchanging!f. Electron sharing= covalent bonds; electron transfer=ionic bondg. Halite in cubic forms—derived from the NaCl it’s formed fromh. Cation-positively charged, small; anion-negatively charged, largei. Most of the space in a crystal is occupied by anions and cations fit between themj. CONCEPT 2- the process of crystallization in where atoms come together in the proper proportions and crystalline arrangement, building up a regular 3-D structure. A structure that over time produces a macro-scale crystal III. How do minerals form?a. Formed when molten rock cools, evaporation of water, and temperature/pressure changes on minerals. b. Granite- crystal grains forming together. Often in rocks you don’t see wonderful great crystals. They’re there but you can’t see themc. Chemical classes of minerals—really important in slides!d. Geologists really encounter only about the 30 common mineralse. 99% of earth’s crust is composed of 9 elements! f. Silicates- most abundant minerals in earth’s crust, composed of silicon and oxygen which are the 2 most abundant elements in the crust. Produced in various structures with different strengths of robustnessg. CONCEPT 3- there are a limited number of minerals that make up the earth-- ~30 commonly observable. 99% of crust is made up of 30 elements. IV. Physical properties of mineralsa. Hardness, cleavage, fracture, luster, color, crystal habit, etc. b. Fracture- obsidian is a volcanic glass that when hit with a hammer has a shiny smoothly cracked surface. c. Often color (along with other properties) is a guide as to what the mineral isV. Review… Here are the items from this lecture that you should know for the test. I will post the answers to these questions in the Test 2 Review. a. What constitutes a mineral?b. Be familiar with the atomic structure of matter (nucleons, electrons, atomic number, atomic mass, isotopes).c. Know the differences between covalent and ionic bonding. Be familiar with their processes. d. Know the rock forming minerals- the silicates and their structurese. Know the rock forming minerals- the non-silicate mineral types (carbonates, oxides, sulfides, etc.)f. What are the physical properties of