ProtozoansSlide 2Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5Movement in ProtozoaCilia and flagellaSlide 8Figure 11.09aSlide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Movement in Protozoa: PseudopodiaPseudopodiaFigure 11.10Feeding in amebasSlide 19Reproduction in protozoaSlide 21Sexual reproduction in protozoaSlide 23Diseases caused by protozoaMalariaMalaria symptomsMalariaSlide 28Slide 29PlasmodiumSlide 31Life cycle of malariaSlide 33Life cycle of malaria: humansSlide 35Life cycle of malaria: mosquitoesSlide 37How Plasmodium enhances transmission ratesSlide 39Slide 40Slide 41Slide 42Slide 43Slide 44Slide 45Behavior of Plasmodium in humansSlide 47Slide 48Slide 49Slide 50Red blood cellsSlide 52Slide 53Slide 54Slide 55Slide 56Slide 57Slide 58Slide 59Slide 60Slide 61Slide 62Slide 63Effects of malaria on human evolutionAnti-malaria mutations: Sickle cell anemiaSlide 66Slide 67Anti-malaria mutations: Sickle cell alleleSlide 69Anti-malaria mutations: (G6PD) deficiencyAnti-malaria mutations: ThalassemiaSlide 72Slide 73Slide 74Other anti-malaria mutations: ThalassemiaAnti-malaria mutations: OvalocytosisAnti-malaria mutations:Mosquito nets save livesHuman African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping sickness)Slide 80Slide 81Sleeping SicknessSlide 83Slide 84Slide 85Slide 86ProtozoansProtozoansProtozoans include a wide diversity of taxa that do Protozoans include a wide diversity of taxa that do not form a monophyletic group but all are unicellular not form a monophyletic group but all are unicellular eukaryotes.eukaryotes.Protozoa lack a cell wall, have at least one motile Protozoa lack a cell wall, have at least one motile stage in their life cycle and most ingest their food.stage in their life cycle and most ingest their food.Protozoan cell is much larger and more complex Protozoan cell is much larger and more complex than prokaryotic cell and contains a variety of than prokaryotic cell and contains a variety of organelles (e.g. Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, organelles (e.g. Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, ribosomes, etc).ribosomes, etc).ProtozoansProtozoansEukaryotic cell was developed through endosymbiosis.Eukaryotic cell was developed through endosymbiosis.In distant past aerobic bacteria appear to have been In distant past aerobic bacteria appear to have been engulfed by anaerobic bacteria, but not digested. engulfed by anaerobic bacteria, but not digested. Ultimately, the two developed a symbiotic relationship Ultimately, the two developed a symbiotic relationship with the engulfed aerobic bacteria becoming with the engulfed aerobic bacteria becoming mitochondria and eukaryotic cells developed. mitochondria and eukaryotic cells developed. In a similar fashion, ancestors of chloroplasts formed In a similar fashion, ancestors of chloroplasts formed symbiotic union with other prokaryotes.symbiotic union with other prokaryotes.ProtozoansProtozoansProtozoans include both autotrophs and Protozoans include both autotrophs and heterotrophs. They include free-living and heterotrophs. They include free-living and parasitic forms.parasitic forms.Reproduction can be asexual by fission or Reproduction can be asexual by fission or budding or sexual by conjugation or budding or sexual by conjugation or syngamy (fusion of gametes).syngamy (fusion of gametes).ProtozoansProtozoansThe protozoa were once considered a The protozoa were once considered a single phylum, now at least 7 phyla are single phylum, now at least 7 phyla are recognized. recognized. Were also once grouped with unicellular Were also once grouped with unicellular algae into the Protista, an even larger algae into the Protista, an even larger paraphyletic group.paraphyletic group.Figure 11.01Movement in ProtozoaMovement in ProtozoaProtozoa move mainly using cilia or Protozoa move mainly using cilia or flagella and by using pseudopodiaflagella and by using pseudopodiaCilia also used for feeding in many small Cilia also used for feeding in many small metazoans.metazoans.Cilia and flagellaCilia and flagellaNo real morphological distinction between No real morphological distinction between the two structures, but cilia are usually the two structures, but cilia are usually shorter and more abundant and flagella shorter and more abundant and flagella fewer and longer.fewer and longer.Each flagellum or cilium is composed of 9 Each flagellum or cilium is composed of 9 pairs of longitudinal microtubules arranged pairs of longitudinal microtubules arranged in a circle around a central pair.in a circle around a central pair.Cilia and flagellaCilia and flagellaThe collection of tubules is referred to as The collection of tubules is referred to as the the axonemeaxoneme and it is covered with a and it is covered with a membrane continuous with the rest of the membrane continuous with the rest of the organism’s cell membrane.organism’s cell membrane.Axoneme anchors where it inserts into the Axoneme anchors where it inserts into the main body of the cell with a basal body.main body of the cell with a basal body.Figure 11.09aFigure 11.09a Protein spokeDynein motorBasal bodyCilia and flagellaCilia and flagellaThe outer microtubules are connected to The outer microtubules are connected to the central pair by protein spokes. the central pair by protein spokes. Neighboring pairs of outer microtubules Neighboring pairs of outer microtubules (doublets) are connected to each other by (doublets) are connected to each other by an elastic protein.an elastic protein.Figure 11.09aFigure 11.09a Protein spokeDynein motorCilia and flagellaCilia and flagellaCilium is powered by dynein motors on the outer Cilium is powered by dynein motors on the outer doublets. As these motors crawl up the adjacent doublets. As these motors crawl up the adjacent doublet (movement is powered by ATP) they doublet (movement is powered by ATP) they cause the entire axoneme to bend.cause the entire axoneme to bend.The dynein motors do not cause the doublets to The dynein motors do not cause the doublets to slide past each other because the doublets are slide past each other because the doublets are attached to each other by the elastic proteins attached to each other by the elastic proteins and the radial spokes and have little freedom of and the radial spokes and have little freedom of movement up and down. Instead the walking movement up and down. Instead the walking motion causes the doublets to bend. motion causes the doublets to bend.Movement in