Cooling SystemsAir ConditioningHeat Transport SystemsComponents - A/C SystemCooling EquipmentCompression CycleRefrigerantsBoiling Point of WaterRefrigerant R-22Boiling Point of R-22Effects of PressureRefrigeration CycleSlide 13Slide 14EvaporatorCompressorCondenserExpansion DeviceBasic Refrigeration SystemDX Packaged UnitSEER vs HSPFSplit System CoolingHeat PumpCOPAir Source Heat Pump COPLarge A/C EquipmentAir HandlerChiller - CompressionWater TowersChillers - AbsorptionRefrigerantSlide 32AbsorbentAbsorption CycleAbsorberGeneratorSlide 37Slide 38Slide 39Heat ExchangerCooling SystemsHVAC 11aCNST 305 Environmental Systems 1Dr. Berryman12a Cooling Systems; Refrigerants; Condenser/Evaporator Compressive; Absorption; Evaporative; Chillers; Heat SinksChapter 4 (Toa)Air ConditioningDefinition Process of treating air in an internal environment to establish and maintain required standard of temperature, humidity, cleanliness, and motion.Heat Transport SystemsAirWaterSteamA/C Systems can use one…or a combination of transportsComponents - A/C SystemMinimum Components    Cooling EquipmentCommon refrigeration systems   Used for different applications and climatesCompression CycleFundamentalsRefrigerant characteristic•Boiling Point•Condensing Point•Saturation PointAll three have the same numerical valueRefrigerantsRefrigerant: R-123, R-22, R12Water: R-718Carbon Dioxide: R-744Ammonia: R-717Boiling Point of Watertemperaturetemperaturepressurepressure212°F212°F[100°C][100°C]14.7 psia14.7 psia[0.10MPa][0.10MPa]Refrigerant R-22 -41.4°F-41.4°F[-40.8°C][-40.8°C]R-22 boils atR-22 boils atBoiling Point of R-2241.2°F41.2°F[5.1°C][5.1°C]85 psia85 psia[0.59 MPa][0.59 MPa]121.5°F121.5°F[49.7°C][49.7°C]280 psia280 psia[1.93 MPa][1.93 MPa]temperaturetemperaturepressurepressureEffects of PressureIncrease in pressure on a refrigerant Results•Increased boiling, condensing, and saturation pointsDecrease in pressure on a refrigerant•Increased boiling, condensing, and saturation pointsRefrigeration Cycleliquid refrigerantliquid refrigerant(R-22)(R-22)-41.4°F-41.4°F[-40.8°C][-40.8°C]airflowairflowcollects collects refrigerantrefrigerantvaporvaporRefrigeration Cycle??Closing the CycleRefrigeration CyclecompressorcompressorcondensercondenserexpansionexpansiondevicedeviceevaporatorevaporatorEvaporatorrefrigerant refrigerant vaporvapormixture ofmixture ofliquid and vapor liquid and vapor refrigerantrefrigerantBAairairCompressorlow-pressurelow-pressurerefrigerant vaporrefrigerant vaporfrom evaporatorfrom evaporatorCBhigh-pressurehigh-pressurerefrigerant vaporrefrigerant vaporto condenserto condenserCondenserCDrefrigerant refrigerant vaporvaporliquidliquidrefrigerant refrigerant outdoor airoutdoor airExpansion DeviceADliquidliquidrefrigerant refrigerant mixture ofmixture ofliquid and vapor liquid and vapor refrigerantrefrigerantBasic Refrigeration SystemcompressorcompressorcondensercondenserevaporatorevaporatorDirect expansion Direct expansion device (DX)device (DX)dischargedischargelinelinesuctionsuctionlinelineliquidliquidlinelineABCDDX Packaged UnitSEER vs HSPFSEERSeasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio•Index of MPG for a/cNumber of BTU’s removed by 1 watt of electricity•Rating range from 8 – 14 SEER•Water cooled condensers can achieve higher (system w/ water tower)HSPF for heat pumpsHeating Seasonal Performance Factor•BTU per wattSplit System CoolingHeat PumpReversible Refrigeration SystemCOPCoefficient of Performance (1-5)•Commercial Heating efficiency indexCOP of 1 = 3,400 BTU/Kw•Strip heaters, toasters, water heaters, etc.COP 2 •3,400 BH electrical - 3,400 OA environment•TOTAL 6,800 BHCOP 3•3,400 BH electrical – 6,800 OA environment•TOTAL 10,200 BHHSPF -Heating Seasonal Performance Factor•BTU per watt – Heating index for Residential•COP 2 = HSPF 6.8Air Source Heat Pump COPHeat Pump COP changes w/ source temperatureLarge A/C EquipmentAir Handler Chiller Cooling TowerAir HandlerFan/Coil UnitChiller - CompressionCut Away – Rotary Helical ChillerReciprocating•Cylinder displacementScroll•Scroll displacementRotary Helical•Screw - typeCentrifugal•impellersWater TowersCentral Plant•500 – 30,000 GPMChillers - AbsorptioncondensercondensergeneratorgeneratorevaporatorevaporatorabsorberabsorberRefrigerantDistilled waterStableNontoxicLow costReadily availableEnvironmentally friendlyHigh latent heat of vaporizationBoiling Point of Water1.5 psia1.5 psia[10.34 kPa][10.34 kPa]0.15 psia0.15 psia[1.034 kPa][1.034 kPa]temperaturetemperaturepressurepressure45°F45°F[7.2°C][7.2°C]115°F115°F[46.1°C][46.1°C]AbsorbentLithium Bromide (LiBr)High affinity for water (refrigerant)In solution, higher boiling point than waterNontoxicAbsorption Cyclecondensercondenserevaporatorevaporatorabsorberabsorbergeneratorgeneratorchilledwatercoolingwatersteam orhot waterheatheatexchangerexchangerAir HandlerCooling TowerBoilerHigh PressureLow PressureCooling TowerAbsorbercoolingcoolingwaterwaterrefrigerantrefrigerantvaporvaporconcentratedconcentratedsolutionsolutionintermediateintermediatesolutionsolutionabsorberabsorberspray pumpspray pumpdilutedilutesolutionsolutionabsorberabsorber100°F 0,15 psi100°F 0,15 psiFrom Cooling TowerTo To generatorgeneratorGeneratorsteam orsteam orhot waterhot waterdilutedilutesolutionsolutionrefrigerantrefrigerantvaporvaporconcentratedconcentratedsolutionsolutiongeneratorgeneratorCondensercoolingcoolingwaterwaterrefrigerantrefrigerantvaporvaporliquid liquid refrigerantrefrigerantcondensercondenser115°F 1.5 psi115°F 1.5 psiEvaporatorchilledchilledwaterwaterevaporatorevaporatorspray pumpspray pumprefrigerantrefrigerantvaporvaporliquid liquid refrigerantrefrigerantabsorberabsorberevaporatorevaporatorAir Handler45°F 0,15 psi45°F 0,15 psiExpansion Deviceliquid liquid refrigerantrefrigerantexpansionexpansiondevicedeviceevaporatorevaporatorHeat Exchangergenerator pumpgenerator pumpdilutedilutesolutionsolutionheatheatexchangerexchangerconcentratedconcentratedsolutionsolutionprecools the concentrated