ORORORORPhilosophy 146: Philosophy of Physics Final ExamInstructor: CallenderI. Identifications. Please answer these with only a sentence or two. (24 pts)1. superposition 4. eigenvalue equation2. Reality Criterion 5. Kochen-Specker theorem3. GHZ 6. Wigner’s FriendII. Short Questions. Please answer these with only a paragraph or two. Answer FIVE out of SIX. Please be sure to note that every question but #4 gives you a choice of what to answer. (50 pts)1. What exactly is the measurement problem?ORWhat was EPR’s argument? Describe it in detail (but you need not evaluate it).2. I have a box with a hundred particles in it. I tell you that the state is either (a) a hundred particles each in the superposition )|(|21xx or(b) a mixture of fifty particles in x| and fifty particles in x|. Is there a type of measurement you can do that will determine whether (a) or (b) correctlydescribes the state of the box? If so, what is it?ORVon Neumann thought that it didn’t matter when a collapse occurred. (a) Why isn’t this right? (b) Why does the environment, for instance, air, make it hard to experimentally show that this isn’t right? 3. What is the “preferred basis” problem for the Many Worlds interpretation?ORAccording to the Bare Theory, if you ask a person who has just opened the box to Schrodinder’s cat what he or she has seen, what will he say? Why?4. In the Stern-Gerlach experiment we shoot a beam of particles through a magnet that produces a highly non-uniform magnetic field. For spin-half particles, the results are either |> or |> in the various directions determined by the orientation of the magnet. Suppose we have a beam of 1000 electrons known to be in x-spin up |x>. We first passthe beam through a magnet oriented to measure z-spin, and then we join the two resultingbeams and measure for x-spin. What are the results? Explain using the formalism as bestyou can. 5. What is “Bell’s Inequality”?ORSuppose that I tell you that there is an inexplicable correlation in the statistics of heart attacks in Lille and Lyons. The probability of M cases in Lyons and N in Lille, on any random day, are not statistically independent:P(M,N)  P(M) x P(N).I say that there is a spooky non-local action-at-a-distance present: heart attacks in Lyons instantly cause otherwise healthy hearts to fail in Lille. How might you convince me thatmy belief is ridiculous? 6. Albert describes a measurement from a TV screen that poses a problem for GRW. Does this measurement also pose a problem for Bohm’s theory? Explain why or why not.ORThe eigenvalue-eigenstate link states that a system has a definite property with value a corresponding to observable A if and only if the system is in an eigenstate of that observable with eigenvalue a. Which half of this link, the “if” or the “only if”, does Bohm’s theory reject? Explain. III. Longer Question. (26 pts)1. Carefully describe ONE of the following interpretations of the measurement problem: Bare theory, Many Worlds, Many Minds, Bohm, or GRW. Then, critically evaluate the theory as a solution to the measurement