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PSU CHEM 110 - Chemical Reactions

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Chemical Reactions: IntroductionChemical Reactions: IntroductionFinal Concepts You Should Know:Review: Conservation of MassBalancing Chemical EquationsPractice Problem“Simple” Reaction TypesPractice ProblemsMetathesis ReactionsDemo: Precipitation ReactionsDemo: Precipitation ReactionsAqueous Solubility of Ionic CompoundsSpectator Ions and Net Ionic EquationsPractice ProblemsNeutralization Reactions: Acids, Bases, and SaltsHydrogen Ion TransferAcid-Base NeutralizationPractice ProblemPractice ProblemWhat You Should KnowChemical Reactions:IntroductionCH110 FA11 SAS 1Late Drop Deadline:Friday, November 11thPrepare for Recitation November 17thALEKS Objective 12 due November 15thANGEL Quiz 12, November 17thLecture 34: November 9thLecture 35: November 11thLecture 36: November 14thRead: Ch. 3.1-3.2,3.6-2.7,4.2-4.4Additional Preparation: BLB 3: 1,64;BLB 4: 24,39;Packet Reactions: 1-11CH110 FA11 SAS 2By the end of Today’s Lecture you should know:Reaction stiochiometry and balanced equationsCombustionDecompositionCombinationPrecipitation and Neutralization reactionsNet ionic equations and spectator ionsKEY QUESTIONS: THE BIG PICTUREChemical Reactions:IntroductionHow do you determine the outcome of a chemical reaction?How do we balance chemical reactions?What types of reactions have we already encountered?Remember: Chemistry deals with matter and its changesWhat forces drive reactions to occur spontaneously?How can identifying spectator ions and writing net ionic equations help us predict reaction chemistry?Final Concepts You Should Know:CH110 FA11 SAS 3• How do I balance a chemical equation?• What is the percent yield of a reaction?Chapter 3: Chemical EquationsChapter 4: Chemical ReactionsChapter 5: Thermochemistry• What are precipitation reactions?• What are metathesis reactions? • What are redox reactions in particular and what are oxidation numbers?• What are net ionic equations and spectator ions?• What is enthalpy and the enthalpy of a reaction?• What is heat of formation?• How do bond enthalpies relate to both of these?• What is Hess’s Law?• What is an equilibrium constant?• How do you use an “ICE” table to calculate equilibrium constants or concentrations?• What is LeChâtlier’s principle?Chapter 15: Chemical EquilibriumReview: Conservation of MassCH110 FA11 SAS 4Law of Conservation of Mass (Chem 110): Example: Complete combustion of pentaneC5H12+ 8 O2→ 5 CO2+ 6 H2OIf mass of reactants is 100g, then the mass of products is what? _____Reactants: ___ C, ___ H, ___ O atomsProducts: ___ C, ___ H, ___ O atomsNot ringing a bell? See Lecture 13, Chapter 3: StoichiometryBalancing Chemical EquationsCH110 FA11 SAS 51. Write the unbalanced equation correctly2. Balance the atoms of one element3. Balance atoms of remaining elements4. Check your work!When reactants and products are both given, balanced reactions are written by changing the ___________Four “Easy” RulesC2H4+ O2→ CO2+ H2OC2H4+ O2→ CO2+ H2OC2H4+ O2→ CO2+ H2OPractice ProblemCH110 FA11 SAS 6Acid rain destroys marble sculptures and buildings. If a statue loses 30 g of marble, (CaCO3) how many moles of calcium nitrate are washed away with the rain?HNO3(aq) + CaCO3(s) CO2(g) + H2O (l) + Ca(NO3)2(aq)A. 0.15 molsB. 0.30 molsC. 0.45 molsD. 1.50 molsE. 3.00 mols“Simple” Reaction TypesCH110 FA11 SAS 7Complete Combustionorganic compound + O2C2H5OH(l) + 3 O2→ 2 CO2+ 3 H2OCombination• elements react to form compoundsS(s) + O2(g) → SO2(g)• small compounds combine to makelarger ones2Mg (s) + O2(g) → 2 MgO (s)Decomposition2 H2O → 2 H2+ O2H2CO3→ H2O + CO2Single Displacement ReactionsCuSO4(aq) + Zn(s) → ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)CaCO3→ CaO + CO2BF3(g) + NH3(g) → BF3NH3(g)A) The combustion of ethanol (CH3CH2OH)B) The decomposition of lead carbonateC) The combination of nitrogen and hydrogen to form ammonia (NH3)Practice ProblemsCH110 FA11 SAS 8Use the patterns of reactivity to write balanced reactions for:Metathesis ReactionsCH110 FA11 SAS 9Double Displacement Reactions A very diverse set of reactions also known as ________ or _________ reactions1. PrecipitationCaCl2(aq) + Hg(NO3)2(aq) → HgCl2(s) + Ca(NO3)2(aq)2. Neutralization (Acid-Base)HNO3+ KOH → H2O + KNO33. Gas Formation2HCl(aq) + Na2S(aq) → H2S(g) + 2NaCl(aq)Double displacement reactions only occur if there is a driving force, such as:Demo: Precipitation ReactionsCH110 FA11 SAS 101. Form an ionic equation from the molecular equation:Hypothesis 1:Hypothesis 2:Use solubility rules to predict reactions based on the reactants provided. Precipitation drives the reaction.Mix AgNO3and NaCl. What happens?Demo: Precipitation ReactionsCH110 FA11 SAS 11Case 1: If NaNO3is insoluble, addition of NaCH3COO should result in precipitation too:Case 2: If AgCl is insoluble, addition of MgCl2should result in precipitation too:Ag++ NO3-+ Mg2++ Cl-→Double Replacement Reaction ObservedAg++ NO3-+ Na++ CH3COO-→Aqueous Solubility of Ionic CompoundsCH110 FA11 SAS 12Simplified rules for solubility in water1. Almost all ammonium and alkali metal salts are soluble2. Most nitrates, acetates, halides, and sulfates are solubleexception: Ag, Hg, and Pb halides are insolubleexception: Ca, Ba, and Pb sulfates are insoluble3. Most sulfides, carbonates, phosphates, and hydroxides are insoluble exception: Rule #1 winsSpectator ions =Spectator Ions andNet Ionic EquationsCH110 FA11 SAS 13• Knowledge of what reactions are actually occurring requires us to figure out what is actually important in the…Complete Ionic Equation• Ions that do not participate in the reaction are eliminated from the… Net Ionic EquationPb2+ (aq) + 2 NO3-(aq) + 2 K+(aq) + 2 I-(aq) PbI2(s) + 2 K+(aq) + 2 NO3-(aq)Practice ProblemsCH110 FA11 SAS 14Mixing solutions of K2SO4(aq) and BaCl2(aq)produces an insoluble salt. What is the identity of the spectator ions?A) K+, SO42-, Ba2+, Cl-B) K+, SO42-C) K+, Cl-D) Ba2+, Cl-E) Ba2+, SO42-Mixing solutions of CaCl2(aq) and AgNO3(aq) produces an insoluble salt. What is the identity of the precipitant?A) Ca(NO3)2(s)B) Ca2+, NO3-C) Ag+, Cl-D) AgCl (s)E) Ca2+, Cl-, Ag+, NO3-Neutralization Reactions:Acids, Bases, and SaltsCH110 FA11 SAS 15AcidsBasesSalts_______ hydrogen ion H+(aq)_______ hydrogen ionRaise concentration of OH–(aq) ionsIonic compounds___________ of acid with positive ione.g., HNO3becomes KNO3Hydrogen Ion TransferCH110 FA11 SAS 16• Not all acids and bases are


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PSU CHEM 110 - Chemical Reactions

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