Chapter 18Malina and Bouchard’s definition of growth, development, and maturationInfancy, childhood, and adolescenceThe onset of pubertyUsing height and body weight data to identify the adolescent growth spurtPeak height velocity occurs at approximately 13 years of age for females and 14 years of age for malesPeak weight velocity occurs at approximately 12-13 years of age for females and 14 years of age for malesHeight and body weight(A) Height and (B) body weight develop along an S-shaped curve throughout childhood and adolescenceBody compositionChanges in (A) fat-free weight, (B) fat weight, and (C) percent body fat during childhood and adolescence in males and femalesWhy VO2 max increases during childhood result from growth inNormal developmental patterns of absolute VO2 maxAbsolute maximal oxygen consumption increases in males but plateaus at approximately 14 years of age in femalesRelative (to body weight) maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) remains stable during childhood and adolescence in males but decreases across age in femalesMaking weightAerobic fitness and endurance performance in childrenHazards associated with long-distance running and childrenAnaerobic fitness in children and adolescentsFactors to consider when planning an anaerobic training program for childrenAbsolute mean power from the Wingate Anaerobic Test increases across age in males and femalesAbsolute peak power from the Wingate Anaerobic Test increases across age in males and femalesStrength training for children and adolescentsBenefits of strength training for prepubescent childrenStrength increases in response to resistance training in prepubescent children result fromHazards associated with strength training for children and adolescentsSummary of the American Academy of Pediatrics’ recommendations for resistance training for children and adolescentsWeight training progression for childrenChapter 18Growth, Development, and Exercise in Children and AdolescentsMalina and Bouchard’s definition of growth, development, and maturation•Growthan increase in the size of the body as a whole or the size of particular body parts•Development:–Biological—the differentiation of cells along specialized lines of function–Behavioraldevelopment of competence in a variety of areas as the child adjusts to the surrounding culture•Maturationthe tempo and timing of progress toward the mature biological stateVisit Physical Fitness and Activity in Schools and www.aap.org/policy/re9907.htmlInfancy, childhood, and adolescence•Infancy–The first year of life–Time of rapid growth in all body functions and physical characteristics•Childhood–The time between the first birthday and puberty–Steady growth and maturation–Rapid growth in motor development•Adolescence–Defined by the adolescent growth spurt and onset of puberty–Ranges from 8 to 19 years for females and 10-22 years for males–High degree of variability in maturational status and in strength, sports skills, and performanceThe onset of puberty–Important to be able to identify the onset of puberty–Normal growth patterns and responses to exercise training are substantially different in children than in adolescentsVisit the American Academy of Pediatrics at www.aap.orgUsing height and body weight data to identify the adolescent growth spurt•Examine the yearly change in height or body weight as a function of age•Dramatic increases in height and body weight coincide with the onset of puberty•Increases change from around –5 cm per year to 10 cm per year for height–3 kg per year to 10 kg per year for weightPeak height velocity occurs at approximately 13 years of age for females and 14 years of age for malesPeak weight velocity occurs at approximately 12-13 years of age for females and 14 years of age for malesHeight and body weight•Normal growth in height and body weight develops along an S-shaped curve from birth through adolescence.•At adolescent growth spurt, males exhibit a dramatic increase in height and body weight while females begin to level off.•Athletic participation has no effect on normal growth and maturation.(A) Height and (B) body weight develop along an S-shaped curve throughout childhood and adolescenceBody composition•Physical activity:–results in lower levels of percent body fat and fat weight and increases fat-free weigh–can improve athletic performance by developing sport-specific body composition–can decrease the health risks associated with obesityChanges in (A) fat-free weight, (B) fat weight, and (C) percent body fat during childhood and adolescence in males and femalesWhy VO2 max increases during childhood result from growth in•Lungs•Circulatory system•MusculatureNormal developmental patterns of absolute VO2 max•Males:–childhood: increases throughout–adolescence: continues to increase•Females:–childhood: increases throughout–adolescence: levels off at about age 14Absolute maximal oxygen consumption increases in males but plateaus at approximately 14 years of age in femalesRelative (to body weight) maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) remains stable during childhood and adolescence in males but decreases across age in femalesMaking weight•Excessive weight loss associated with such sports as wrestling, boxing, and gymnastics•Often involves drastic changes in caloric intake and water metabolism•Can cause changes in kidney and cardiovascular function.Aerobic fitness and endurance performance in children•Relative VO2 max remains stable or declines during childhood and adolescence.•Endurance performance steadily improves.•Factors other than VO2 max must influence endurance performance in children.Hazards associated with long-distance running and children–Heel cord injuries–Epiphyseal growth plate injuries–Chronic joint trauma–Thermal intolerance–Psychological problems from unrealistic goalsAnaerobic fitness in children and adolescents•Children have a lower capacity for anaerobic exercise than adolescents or adults•Anaerobic metabolic systems less effective at energy production •Poorer performance in high-intensity, short-duration activities•Respond well to anaerobic trainingFactors to consider when planning an anaerobic training program for children•Training program should closely mimic the intended sporting activity with respect to the mode of exercise as well as the metabolic demands.•Training protocol should include repetitions that