Lecture 2 Outline of Last Lecture I. Reading Behavior: Why it MattersII. The Herding InstinctIII. René DescartesIV. The Inconsistent TetradV. Three Main Approaches to Studying the Neuroscience of BehaviorVI. Levels of Analysis in Biological PsychologyVII. Relationships among Biological PsychologyVIII. Your Brain by the NumbersIX. The Ties That BindX. Five Research Perspective Applied to Three Kinds of BehaviorOutline of Current Lecture: NeuroanatomyI. Four Different Traditions for Understanding the BrainII. The Reticular Theory gives way to the Neuron DoctrineIII. Neurons and ConnectivityIV. A Sense of ScaleV. Three different Types of NeuronsVI. Visualizing NeuronsVII. Four General Features of Studying NeuronsVIII. The SynapseIX. Distinctions Between Axons and DendritesX. Neuronal TraffickingXI. Glial CellsXII. Peripheral and Central Nervous SystemsXIII. The Twelve Cranial NervesXIV.The Spinal Cord & Spinal NervesCurrent Lecture: Neuroanatomy“The brain is a beautiful thing.”-Dr. BlumbergI. Four Different Traditions for Understanding the BrainA. Take these classic sciences and put “neuro” in front of it1. AnatomyNeuroanatomy2. PhysiologyNeurophysiology3. PharmacologyNeuropharamacology4. BehaviorPsychology and BiologyB. Neuroethology: study of the brains of animals in their natural habitatC. Side note: Michelangelo (the artist) stole bodies from the morgue to study human anatomyII. The Reticular Theory gives way to the Neuron DoctrineA. Camillo Golgi’s reticular theory: that neurons are continuous with one another, forming a nearly endless network BIOL 031:002 1st EditionB. Camillo Golgi invented the technique of staining nerve cells.1. Ink injected ink is attracted to cells nerve cells become more prominent and easier to research2. Today, it is still called “the Golgi stain”C. Ramon y Cajal had a differing theory: that neurons come very close to one another, but there is a tiny gap to keep the cells separate.D. These scientists made important advances in understanding the basic structure of the nervous system.1. The culmination of this work was the so-called neuron doctrine2. Neuron doctrine-the nervous system is composed of discrete signaling units called neurons that are independent structurally, metabolically, and functionally; and information is transmitted from cell to cell across tiny gaps (synapses).III. Neurons and ConnectivityA. In the 80’s, there were only four neurotransmitters identified; now there are hundreds.1. There are also hundreds of neuroreceptors (neurochemicals) identifiedB. This “relationship” (functioning) of these neurons is what allows us to have the ability to do anything. C. Remember that what makes us humans functional is the fact that we can move around1. The brain is embodied; it is not a separate entity from our body.D. In neuroscience, we try to understand what and how information is being sent and received by neuronsE. Neurons are constantly giving and receiving bits of information1. These neurons create a “field of networks”F. Major Parts of the Neuron (Including four functional zones and specific parts in order)1. Input zone(part of the neuron that receives information from other neurons): Dendrites- one of the extensions of the cell body that are the receptive surfaces of the neuron2. Integration zone(part of the neuron that initiates nerve electrical activity): Cell Body- also called soma, region of the neuron that holds the cell nucleus3. Conduction zone(part of the neuron over which the nerve’s electrical signal may be actively reproduced): Axon- single extension from the nerve cell that carries nerve impulses from the cell body to other neurons4. Output zone(part of the neuron usually corresponding to the axon terminals, at which the cell sends info to another cell): Axon terminals- also called the synaptic bouton, the end of an axon or axon collateral, which forms a synapse on a neuron or other target cellIV. A Sense of ScaleA. View “Firing Neurons” video1. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GIGqp6_PG6k2. “Speed at which information is sent and received [between neurons] is extremely rapid.”V. Three Different Types of Neurons (pg. 28 in the textbook)A. There is a diversity of ways to construct a neuron1. Multipolar Neuron: has many dendrites extending from the cell body2. Bipolar Neuron: has a single dendrite extending from the cell body3. Unipolar neuron: has a single branch that emerges from the cell body and extends in two directions.VI. Visualizing NeuronsA. Different ways to see the neurons1. The Golgi stain2. Neurons injected with fluorescent dye: different colored dyes indicate what cells they will be attracted to3. Nissl stain-specifically stains cell bodies4. There is a dye that is attracted to recently activated cells1. c-fos gene: this gene is expressed when an activity has been donea. The proteins in these c-fos genes can be stained so scientists can process what recent activity has been doneVII. Four Different Features of Studying NeuronsA. Because neurons are the basic unit of processing the brain, we can learn a lot about the brain by studying them in detail and by paying special attention to these four general features:1. The mechanisms by which neurons produce their signals2. The ways in which neurons are connected3. The relationship between the patterns of connections between neurons and different types of behavior4. The means by which neurons and their inter-connections are modified by experience (neural plasticity= learning)VIII. The Synapse (pg. 30 in the textbook)A. Presynaptic: region of the synapse that releases neurotransmitterB. Postsynaptic: region of the synapse that receives and responds to neurotransmitterC. There is never any physical contact between the presynaptic and the postsynaptic D. Any medication, stimulants, brain-altering substances will affect this specific areaIX. Distinctions between Axons and Dendrites (pg. 31 in the textbook)A. Axons1. Usually one per neuron, with many terminal branches2. Diameter is uniform until the start of terminal branching3. Join cell body at a distinct region called the axon hillock4. Usually covered with myelin5. Lengths from practically nonexistent several meters6. Along length, branches tend to be perpendicularB. Dendrites1. Usually many per neuron2. Diameter tapers progressively toward its ending3. No hillock-like region4. No myelin covering5. Usually much shorter than axons6. Along lengths, branches occur over