BIOL 031:002 1st Edition Lecture 1 Outline of Current LectureCourse Introduction and Mind & BodyI. Reading Behavior: Why it MattersII. The Herding InstinctIII. René DescartesIV. The Inconsistent TetradV. Three Main Approaches to Studying the Neuroscience of BehaviorVI. Levels of Analysis in Biological PsychologyVII. Relationships among Biological PsychologyVIII. Your Brain by the NumbersIX. The Ties That BindX. Five Research Perspective Applied to Three Kinds of BehaviorCurrent LectureI. Reading Behavior: Why it MattersA. The Case of Terri Schiavo1. A female who was paralyzed and brain damaged from a stroke2. View Terri Schiavo video: “Reactions” to stimulii. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P7fulbiC7Co3. Dr. Blumberg asks us to analyze Terri’s behavior from the video:i. Seemingly positive reaction to bright lightsii. Increasing volume of Terri’s moansiii. Positive reaction to her father telling her storiesiv. Trying to talk back to her fatherv. Terri doesn’t actually know what is going on, she is simply reacting to stimuli4. Autopsy of Terri Schiavoi. Determined that her frontal lobe was completely destroyeda. Frontal lobe was basically turned into gelatinous disarrayii. She was cortically blind and actually did NOT respond to any lightB. Medical Law and Ethics1. The public death of Terri Schiavo in 2005 became a major medical and ethical issue.2. View Diagnosing Terri Schiavo on Senate Floor video:i. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FBYk4F164Hkii. Senator Bill Frist urging to passing a bill to save Terri Schiavo a. To prevent her from becoming “starved”These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. “Starved”- according to the medical community, being denied a feeding tube Terri was not showing signs of hunger or asking to be fed, therefore, her physician(s) decided to “starve” heriii. Terri Schiavo ended up being starved to death3. We must always retain the idea of OUTER behavior and INNER behavior [How we see a person behave] vs. [how the person actually feels inside]II. The Herding InstinctA.1. What is going on in this picture?i. Sheep are being herded by dogii. Owner is commanding dog to herd sheepiii. Sheep look scarediv. The dog looks aggressive2. Even though dogs have the instinct to herd sheep, certain animals (like sheep) also have the instinct to be herded.B. We forget that other animals can have the instinct to herd1. View video of the rabbit who herded sheep: i. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qeuL5IGimCQIII. René Descartes (1596-1650)A. Mind & Body Dualism1. Descartes thought we were “hydraulic beings”, that we are complex machinesi. Hydraulics in this case, is essentially automatons, which are inanimate objects that move and are self-operating2. He believed that humans have a material soul as well as a material body3. The mind (not the brain) occupies nonmaterial spacei. Although, the mind is STILL material 4. Dualism (definition from the textbook)- The notion, promoted by Descartes, that the mind is subject only to spiritual interactions, while the body is subject only to material interactions.B. Man, Animal, and Instinct1. Animals were never allowed in the same realm as humansi. INSTINCT vs. FREE WILL a. Free will “soul”b. Animals lack soulIV. The Inconsistent TetradA. There are a series of 4 propositions which cannot ALL be true at the SAME timei. The human body is a material thing.ii. The human body is a spiritual thing.iii. Mind and body interact.iv. Spirit and matter do not interact.a. Reject i.: you are considered a SPIRITUALISTb. Reject ii. : You are considered a MATERIALISTc. Reject iii. : You are considered a DUALIST (parallelist)d. Reject iv. : You are considered a DUALIST (interactionist) Descartes’ position was dualist (interactionist)V. Three Main Approaches to Studying the Neuroscience of Behavior (pg. 7 in the textbook)A. Manipulating the body may affect behavior1. Somatic intervention change the body structure or chemistry of an animal in some wayB. Experience affects the body (including the brain)1. Behavioral intervention change an animal’s behavior or its environment, then see if there are physiological or anatomical changesC. Body and behavioral measures covary (covary- means to measure how much two variables change together)1. Both somatic and behavioral intervention Measurements of both kinds of variables to arrive at correlations between somatic changes and behavioral changesD. Biological psychology seeks to understand ALL these relationships1. All three of these approaches enriches and informs the othersVI. Levels of Analysis in Biological Psychology (pg. 10 in textbook)A. The scope of biological psychology ranges from the level of the individual interacting with others all the way to the molecular level. Here are the levels as follows (organized in a reductionism approach):1. Social: Individuals behaving in social in interaction2. Organ: Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and eyes3. Neural systems: Eyes and visual brain regions4. Brain region: Visual cortex5. Circuit: Local neural circuit6. Cellular: Single neuron7. Synaptic: the functions of multiple neurons8. Molecular: or atomic level, closer look at membranes receptors, etc.VII. Relationships among Biological Psychology (pg. 3 in the textbook)A. Biological psychology is related to many scientific fields:1. For example: Genetics, neuro-immunology, biochemistry, physiology, neurology, health psychology, evolutionary psychology, behavioral ecology/ethology, anthropology, etc.VIII. Your Brain by the Numbers (pg. 2 in the textbook)A. The cerebral cortex is the outermost portion of the brainB. The brain is a wonderful organ (here are some of the interesting facts from Figure 1.1):1. There 86 billion neurons in the brain2. 400 miles of capillaries3. 100,000 miles of axons4. 100,000,000,000,000,000 calculations per second5. Has 20% of the body’s oxygen6. The brain has ZERO pain receptors (brain surgery is often performed in awake patients)IX. The Ties That Bind (pg. 5 in the textbook)A. Each person has some characteristics shared by:1. All animals: Use DNA to store genetic information2. All vertebrates: Have a backbone and spinal cord3. All mammals: Suckle their young4. All primates: Have hands with opposable thumb, and complex brain5. All humans: Use symbolic language to communicate with each other6. Some people: Like