24.962 Page 1 3/14/05 OO correspondence; Why cyclic rule application is the wrong idea (cont.) 1. Outline •a better analysis of Palestinian Arabic: OO correspondence•base priority in OT analyses; •cyclic domains•base-derivative similarity, productivity and level ordering2. Palestinian stress and Syncope: we consider only verb-SUBJECT forms first •*stressless high: no stressless high occurs non-finally. • Good stress: blanket constraint penalizes deviations from stress pattern outlined above • MAX V IO is inactive• medial C//V >> initial C//V (same as *CCC >> *#CC)fihim-t Medial C//V *stressless high initial C//V fíhm-t fíhim-t * + fhím-t * fihim-na Good stress Medial C//V *stressless high initial C//V fíhm-na *! fíhimna *! * + fhím-na * fihim-at Good stress Medial C//V *stressless high initial C//V +fíhmat fíhimat *! fhím-at *! Good stress *! *!3. An O-O correspondence constraint (Steriade Labphon 5, 2001; cf. Kager 1999 for alternatives) In the first attempt to formalize the cyclicity effect, I assume the notions Base and Derivative without further definition. MAX V-in stress (BD) For any V, a vowel in base B; and any derivative D of B: if V is stressed then V has a correspondent in D. 4. Ranking: Good Stress >> MAX V-in stress (BD) > *stressless high Input /fihim-na/ Base: fíhim Good Stress MAX V-in stress (BD) *stressless high + fihím-na * fhím-na *! fíhim-na *! * Input /fihim-at-u/ Base: fíhm-at Good Stress MAX V-in stress (BD) *stressless high + fíhm-at-u * fhím-at-u *! * 5. Excursus: related phenomena elsewhere: English and Catalan a. Summary of English effect: in some dialects of English (described in SPE) stress is preserved despiteresulting clash in a derivative’s syllable corresponding to the main stressed syllable in the base.24.962 Page 2 3/14/05 2nd stress corresp. to 1 stress in base 2nd syll does not carry. 1st stress in base còndènsátion (condénse) còmpensátion (cómpensàte) mànifèstátion (mànifést) fòrestátion (fórest or fórèst) fràgmèntátion (fragmént) fècundátion (fécund) òrièntátion (òriént) ? mìnistrátion (mínister) Ident main-stress BD: For any V, a vowel in base B; and any derivative D of B: if V is main stressed then any correspondent V’ of V occurring in D is stressed. Ident main stress BD >> *Clash (a) Ident syllabic-in stress (BD) >> Hiatus (*VV) in Catalan >> Ident syllabic (BD) Summary: in Catalan hiatus is normally resolved through glide formation. But hiatus is tolerated if the potential glide (a UR high vowel) carries main stress in the base. Mascaró 1976 MIT diss. High vowel corresp. to 1 stress in base High V does not carry 1st stress in base ruinós (ruína) ‘ruinous’ no jnstár (instár) ‘not to instate’ r´imEt! (r´I!m) ‘grapelet’ ´wbrír (ubrír) ‘in order to open’ pruduira! (pruduI!) ‘will produce’ pruduirá wksid´sjó (uksidasjó) ‘will produce oxidation’ These cases suggest a general ranking schema Corr-in-stress (BD) >> Corr-not-in-stress (BD), where Corr stands for specific correspondence constraints like MAX V, Ident F etc. 6. In the same vein Input /staSaar-na/ Base: staSa!ar Good Stress Ident-long-in-stress BD *VVCC + staSáar-na * staSár-na *! 7. Summary of Palestinian analysis Advantages compared to the cyclic analysis: Undominated Active Inactive Phonotactics Correspondence Good Stress MAX/Ident-long-in-stress BD Medial C//V *stressless high Initial C//V *VVCC MAX/Ident-long-not-in-stress BD, Ident stress BD MAX/Ident-long/Ident stress IO •no secondary stress, or secondary stress deletion is needed.•fihímna and staSaárna are accounted for in parallel ways MAX/Ident-long-in-stress BD >> competing phono (*stressless high, *VVCC)24.962 Page 3 3/14/05 8. Summary of this type of O-O analysis and implications •The cyclic effects described above lend themselves to the following analytical schema:O-O correspondence (such as Corr-in-stress BD) >> Phono-C >> I-O correspondence Language Phenomenon Ranking Levantine i deletion blocked in derivative when i in base is stressed MAX V-in-stress >>*i >> MAX (V) I-O Levantine V shortening blocked in derivative when V: in base is stressed Id long-in-stress >>*VVC >>Id long I-O Catalan Glide formation blocked when high vowel in base is stressed Id syllabic-in-stress >> *VV >> Id syllabic English Stress clash tolerated when syllable in base carries main stress Id main stress BD >> *Clash >> Ident stress IO •The same schema yields analyses for correspondence in cases of truncation (Benua 1997):Language Phenomenon Ranking English correspond to VC sequences in full noun: [lœr] from [lœri] Ident F & MAX segment (Full noun-Truncated noun) >> *œr] >> Ident F or MAX segment I-O Ill-formed rhymes tolerated when they 9. Cyclic application fails to predict enough (a)Not all BD similarity effects can be uniformly modeled via cyclic rule application •Overapplication (= cycle prior to productive affixation undergoes rule): E.g. cluster simplification and liquid syllabicity•Underapplication (= cycle of productive affixation is exempted from rule): E.g. stress antepenult blocked in rémedying •Misapplication: rule applies in the wrong way E.g. main stress selection misapplies in prógràmmable Cyclic application by itself explains none of these cases: (b) Requirements of surface base-derivative identity can predict which rules will overapply and which ones will underapply in the derivation of a derivative Which rules overapply: those which would be bled by the addition of the next affix E.g. liquid syllabicity in puz[l`]ing These rules overapply in order to allow the derivative (form generated on cycle n+1) to acquire a property present in the base (cycle n). In that way both the derivative and the base will have the same property. Which rules underapply: those whose structural condition is not met on the early cycle in the same way as it is met in the base. E.g. stress in rémedying: the antepenult syllable is different in the base & the derivative.24.962 Page 4 3/14/05 These rules underapply in order for the derivative to avoid taking into account information that’s different in the derivative compared to the base. Here too, the goal of underapplication is to keep base and derivative identical. Cyclic application characterizes the case of