24.962 Page 1 5/23/05 Comparative Markedness, Grandparents, Derived Environments 1. Summary: grandfather and derived environment effects (to be described below) plus a subset of counterfeeding opacity cases can be analyzed by distinguishing old from new markedness violations. 2. Source: McCarthy 2003, Theoretical Linguistics. Paper on the MIT server is a longer version of this. 3. Key new notion: the FFC. The fully faithful candidate is the best of the fully faithful surface candidates from some UR. It is fully faithful because it differs, if at all, from the UR only wrt modifications not penalized by any correspondence constraints. Thus, if Ident [±syll] does not exist and if Ident syllable position does not exist, then the FFC of lexical entry /sIzl/ (no syllable structure, no syllabic values) is [sI.zl`], with syllable structure and syllabicity values added. FFC ≠ [sI.z´l]: this candidate violates DEP. 4. Each markedness constraint M is now bifurcated into two, MO, and MN: if, for any M, a candidate violates M and so does the FFC, then that represents a violation of MO. Otherwise an M violation is of MN. 5. (figure from McCarthy)MOviolation MNviolation 6. Quote: “These novel markedness constraints distinguish between: -- Mappings that fail to correct a marked configuration in the FFC. E.g., the mapping /ab/-> ?ab fails to correct the marked voiced obstruent in the FFC ab. That is, the NOVCDOB violation in ?ab is ‘old’ because the fully faithful candidate ab has the same violation; and -- Mappings that introduce new marked configurations. E.g., the mapping /ampa/ -> amba (i.e., post-nasal voicing) introduces a voiced obstruent that is not present in the FFC ampa. That is, the NOVCDOB violation in amba is ‘new’ because the fully faithful candidate ampa doesn’t have this violation.” (McCarthy 2003: 2) 7. In conjunction with faithfulness, the new constraints describe two classes of phenomena a. NM >> F >> OM : grandfather effects, derived environment effects (DEEs) b. OM >> F >> NM : noniterating processes, coalescence paradoxes, counterfeeding opacity 8. Grandfather effects: Mekkan Arabic [avoice] Assimilation a. Voiced obstruent assimilates to following voiceless//agsam/ /aksam ‘he swore an oath’, /mazku:r/ masku:r ‘mentioned’ b. But not vice-versa. Assimilation can’t create marked voiced obstruents//akbar/ /akbar, */agbar ‘older’ c. Otherwise, voiced obstruents, even codas, are treated faithfully//ibnu/ /ibnu ‘his son’, /dabdaba/ dabdaba ‘pitter-pat (footsteps)’ 9. The analysis, bearing in mind that Ident voice >> ONoVcdOb as shown by [/ibnu] (tableau from McC)24.962 Page 2 5/23/05 10. Blocked self feeding: Lardil apocope /pulumunitami/ pulumunita ‘young f. dugong’ cf. pulumunitamin /kurumpuwa/ kurumpu ‘tata-spear’ cf. kurumpuwan /muNkumuNku/ munkumu ‘wooden axe’ cf. muNkumuNkun OM >> Faith >> NM: M = *V/_#; other relevant M is Coda = apical muNkumuNku O*V/_# O,NCoda = apical MAX seg N*V/_# muNkumuNku *! muNkumuNk *! * muNkumuN *! ** FmuNkumu *** * muNkum *! **** muNku *****! * 11. Blocked self feeding: non-iterative spreading (Ekegusii, Bickmore 1996) /kór-a/ kórá ‘to do’ /káan-er-a/ káánera ‘to deny for’ /kór-er-a/ kóréra ‘to do for’ /símek-er-a/ símékera ‘to plant for’ a. failure of standard Agree H (*HL) or Align H kór-er-a Agree H Faith kórera *! Lkóréra *!* * Fkórérá ** b. success ofOAgree H(OHL); assume that the FFC is computed on a concatenation of root + affix UR’s kór-er-a OAgree H Faith NAgree H kórera *! Fkóréra * * kórérá **! 12. Counterfeeding: back to Hindi ...n´b... -> …nb… while nb -> mb OM >> Faith >> NM: M = Agree place But recall that in this case there is an alternative using scalar (distantial) faithfulness, as discussed earlier. Here the appropriate scale is one of linear adjacency between nasality and oral constriction. 13. Derived environments: NM >> Faith >> OM Environment derived wrt rule R: information necessary for R's application is introduced by morpheme concatenation or by the application of a previous phonological rule. Upshot: information necessary for R's application is not present in the UR of any one morpheme. (Kiparsky 1968, 1973, 1993 and in between.) DEE effect: rule is blocked from applying in a non-derived environment. 14. Ruki rule (Sanskrit). s -> ß/ r, u, k, i ____ (following string must not contain ß or r) a. -si '2 sg' da-da:-si 'give' bi-bhar-ßi 'carry' -s- aorist a-ja:s-am 'go' a-bhar-ß-am 'carry' -sya- future kram-sja-ti 'stride' vak-ßja-ti 'speak' -sa- desid. di-da:-sa-ti 'give' ni-ni:-ßa-ti 'lead' -su 'Dat pl' sena:-su 'army' agni-ßu 'fire' marut-su 'wind' madhu-ßu 'honey'24.962 Page 3 5/23/05 b. ß is not an allophone of s. ßaß-'six', ka:ßtha 'piece of wood', ba:ßpa 'tear', bha:ß- 'speak', ßÊhi:w- 'spit' c. DEE effects: ruki fails morpheme-internally unless previous rule applies kisalaya 'flower', kusuma 'sprout', br`si 'ascetic's seat' pis- 'stretch', busa 'thicket'. d. Ruki applies in derived environments morpheme-internally,when fed by Ablaut (delete unaccented a, also occasionally unaccented a: -> i or i:) bu-báudh-a budh-aná 'wake' swáp-a-te sup-tá 'sleep' wjá:-ja-ti wji-tá (vi:-tá) 'envelop' Ça!s-ti Çiß-Êa! 'order, instruct' Çwas-iti Çuß-a!ntam 'blow' wa!s-tawe uß-Êa! 'shine' gha!s-ati dZa-kß-u!r 'devour' 15. DEE (first pass) = NM >> Faith >> OM kisalaya NRuki Ident anter ORuki Fkisalaya * kiß alaya *! was-tá Ablaut NRuki Ident anter ORuki wastá *! ustá *! Fuß tá * Further assimilatory action generates actual form [ußÊ á]. 16. Prediction: since DEE = NM >> Faith >> OM and counterfeeding = OM >> Faith >> NM the same process triggered by M cannot be both opaquely counterfed and subject to DEE 17. Meskawaki Apache (Thomas Wier CLS 2004) Palatalization: a. /ni·mi-t-i/ ni·mitSi ‘he dances’ cf. /ni·mi-t-a/ ni·mita ‘(he) who dances’ b. /e·h-in-et-i/ e·hinetSi ‘one addressed him thus’ c. /pye·t-ike·-w-a/ pye·tSike·wa ‘he is bringing (something)’ DEE: a. /e·h-ma·watSim-ti·-wa·-t-i/ e·hma· watSiti·wa·tSi ‘they called each other together’ b. /paSito·h-etike/ paSito·hetike ‘old men!’ (voc. pl.) c. /ti·kwe·-w-i/ ti·kwe·wi ‘it patters’ d. /taneti·-w-aki/ taneti·waki ‘they gamble, make bets’ e.