GEOG 5Gillespie, Thomas2012 FallWeek 3Lecture 6October 16, 2012Announcements- Required readings: Chapters 12, 14 - Midterm – date may change (to be determined)Outline of Last Lecture I. Discussion of Population Growth II. How population growth has changed in recent history Outline of Today’s Lecture 1. Discussion of important plants Today’s Lecture(Civilization/ civilize = city) - Name: Spices – Cloves - Origin: Sulawesi – Spice Islands - History: Cloves = gold – extremely profitable Magellan bought back 26 tons of cloves – this would pay for the entire trip!- How it’s grown: very easily- Impact: Good – relatively sustainable - Name: Potato (Solanum tuberosum) - Origin: The Andes - History: 4th largest produced crop in the world China is now the biggest producer of potato Used to make vodka - How it’s grown: Very easy. Plant seeds underground and it will grow above the surface Very wide variety, particularly those grown in the wild - Impact: Bad – historically there was a push to only produce one species leaving others togo extinct Good – pretty sustainable to grow in the long run - Name: Sugar (saccharin officinarum) - Origin: Papa New Guinea - History: originally brought into Europe by Alexander the Great - How it’s grown: It is a grass – it is a perennial grass. We harvest it ahead of time – then burn the field and repeat the process! These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Impact: Bad: monoculture – places where all the native plants are cut down and replaced by mass sugar canes Takes a lot of fertilizer (nitrogen) – this nitrogen (when it rains) flows into the everglades and causes poisoning of the coral reefs - Name: Chocolate (Theobromn Cacao) - Origin: Amazon basin - History: Columbus found the cacao and brought it back homeNumber one exporters now are Nigeria and Cameroon- How it’s grown: Cacao is grown from huge pods on the tree – these pods contain white seeds – these are fermented to form chocolate. - Impact: Good! These trees allow primates to survive – therefore chocolate plantations are not too bad for the environment - Name: Tea (camellia sinesis) - Origin: China - History: 2000 BC!! Widely drunk in Islamic countries. Half of all tea comes from China today. Dutch introduced tea to England in the 1800s – changing the dominant drink from coffeeto tea - How it’s grown: It’s a shrub. Grown in monoculture fields. Some contains caffeine and tannins - Impact: Bad because it’s monoculture – impacts native vegetation. - Name: Coffee (coffea Arabica)- Origin: highlands of Ethiopia - History: only been domesticated since 500 AD Coffee central exporter was from Mocha, Yemen.Coffee houses – started in Oxford England, moved to Amsterdam! - How’s it grown: 1. Good: Organic Shade Grown Coffee (El Salvador etc) - coffee is grown on the side of the highlands, keeping the native tree canopy – allowing birds and primates to still use the canopy. Pesticides are not grown. 2. Bad: Sun Coffee (Brazil) – grown in mass. Everything else taken down - Impact: Depending on how it’s grown. Organic = good; Sun = bad.- Name: Cotton (Gossypium Srp)- Origin: Indus Valley, Central America - History: very important plant - How it’s grown: Needs a huge amount of water and pesticides. When it’s organic/ browncotton –uses organic methods so far less pesticides used.- Impact: Good or bad dependent on whether organic or not - Name: Rubber (Hevea brasilinesis) - Origin: Brazil (amazon basin) - History: Originally all came from the Amazon, and there was no monoculture of rubber trees because they were susceptible to a leaf blight Brazil had a monopoly in 1850 – were not allowed to export even one seed 1860 – rubber seed was exported to Singapore where there was no leaf blight and it became monoculture - How it’s grown: Grows in trees, there are cut, and the sap drips down and is collected - Impact: Good when local groups collect rubber sustainably e.g in the Amazon Bad when it’s grown in monoculture as stops growth of native plants - Name: Pineapple (Ananas cosmosus)- Origin: Paraguay- History: Originally Hawaii produced a huge amount of pineapples, now less than 1%Now mostly comes from Taiwan- How’s it grown: It occurs on the floor, the pineapple grows at the top of the small plant - Impact: Bad – when grown in monoculture as destroying native plants Good – when grown in small local manner - Name: Bananas (musa specie) - Origin: New Guinea - History: If you have an area of 1ha in 1 year: 98 lbs potatoes; 32 lbs wheat; 4400 lbs bananas!!- How it’s grown: it’s an herb. Grows as a tree, chop off the banana, move and replant it, itwill regrow very easily - Impact: Bad – when it’s monoculture – they use trash bags to protect the banana from insects – these bags are then washed into the ocean and look like jelly fish – they get eaten by sea turtles and they die Good – when done on a small scale - Name: Orange - Origin: China - History: introduced to Spain, then to Florida, then becomes very important - Name: Apple - Origin: Kazakhstan - Name: Watermelon - Origin: Africa- Name: Maize (zea maya) - Origin: Mexico - History: 5000 BC first produced Half of all maize is grown in U.S.- How it’s grown: grows knee high – doesn’t reproduce itself anymore - Impact: Bad – when it’s monoculture e.g. Nebraska Good – when grown in Intercropping – grow peas then corns then pineapples then corn etc – this means diseases cant hop from one to another – reducing the impact on the environment - Name: Wheat (Triticum)- Origin: Iran - History: 7500BC first grow Its production exceeds all other crops in the world Used for bread – much is used for livestock - How it’s grown: - Impact: Bad when monoculture Good when intercropped - Name: Rice (oryza sativa) - Origin: Southern Himalayas - History: feeds 2/3 of humanity!!!Provides 50% of all calories for 1.6 billion people! - How it’s grown: Wet rice: rice is planted by hand and you bring in water, add a plant that produces nitrogenDry Rice – occurs on very steep slope – individually plant the rice seeds, and then have to weed it. - Impact: Good and Bad - Name: Cocaine (Erthosylum coca)- Origin: