272 0 3 5 36 6 8 55 1 01 233425 6 5 76 8 0 1 1 2 2 7 1 15 6 517 84 9 1 5 9 75 68 2 34 5 5 67 25 41 5276 0123014 15 82 0 3 5 36 6 15 1 5 2 2 1 0 474 152 5 67 7 78 12 5 0 2 2 163 7 3 72 5 0 2 2 0 1 41 5 B 5 0 2 2 9 5 0 5 1 0 5 1 5 7 1 6 517 12 5 0 2 2 A 1 12 5 0 2 2 3 5 C 3 15 4 52 4 3 15 5 76 8 9 306 3 23 Major Metabolic Pathways Glycogen Glycogen synthase Glycogen Phosphorylase Glucose CO2 NADPH NADP NADP Hexokinase Glucokinase NADPH Glucose 6 phosphate Ribulose 5 phosphate Fructose 6 phosphate Glycerol phosphate Ribose 5 phosphate Ribose 5 phosphate pyrophosphokinase Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase Glucose 6phosphatase Fructose bisphosphatase Phosphofructokinase Fructose 1 6 bisphosphate PRPP Glutamyl amidotransferase Fructose 6 phosphate Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate Nucleotides Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II Fructose Glycerol HCO3 N5 N10 e yl Methylene rin th Se yme se THF ox fera dr hy rans Glycine t synthase DihydroxyGlyceraldehyde acetone 3 phosphate phosphate and Triacyl glycerols Serine 3 Phosphoglycerate Fatty acids Cholesterol P H A D N Alanine zy Oxaloacetate Aspartate Amino acids Transcription Translation L Lactate en Citrate lyase Pyruvate ic Pyruvate Pyruvate dehydrogenase Pyruvate carboxylase Malate NADH Fumarate CO2 ATP x o id at Cysteine Glycine Serine Threonine Tryptophan Protein folding Post translational modifications Proteins ion Fatty acids Asparagine NADH Ketone bodies Acetoacetyl CoA Leucine Lysine Phenylalanine Tryptophan Tyrosine Oxaloacetate CoA SH Malate NAD Citrate H H ATP synthase NAD H2O Citrate synthase Aspartate Amino acids O2 Isoleucine Leucine Threonine Acetyl CoA CO2 Ubiquitin conjugation Proteolysis ATP ADP Pi H NADH Mitochondrial Cytoplasm Matrix cis Aconitate Fumarate NH4 HCO3 FADH2 FAD Succinate Isocitrate dehydrogenase CoA SH GTP GDP Pi Isoleucine Methionine Valine Threonine Propionyl CoA Succinyl CoA Glycine Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I Isocitrate NAD CO2 NADH NADH CO2 NAD CoA SH Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase Glutamine Glutamate dehydrogenase or Aminotransferase Ketoglutarate Proline Carbamoyl phophate Pi Citrulline Citrulline NH4 Glutamate Heme Histidine Glutamine synthetase Tyrosine Phenylalanine Glutaminase Citrate Phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase M al Acetyl CoA Pyruvate kinase Phosphoenolpyruvate Aspartate Glutamine Glycine m e Acetyl CoA carboxylase N A D P HMG CoA Reductase Nucleic acids Electron transport Membrane lipids Replication and Transcription Nucleases Ornithine Aspartate NH4 Ornithine Urea Fumarate Glutamine Arginine Argininosuccinate Organisms Equilibrium Homeostasis Bioenergetics HO CH2 6 O2 H OH O H OH H H OH 6 CO2 6 H2O H OH G 2870 kJ mol Glucose Energetic Molecules O O P O O O O C C CH2 O O O H2O O C C CH3 G 62 2 kJ mol O P OH O Pyruvate Inorganic phosphate Phosphoenolpyruvate O CH3 N O H N O P O O NH O H2O O G 43 3 kJ mol O O O O H2O G 33 6 kJ mol O P OH O O O O NH2 N N N O O O P OH Adenosine Diphosphate ADP H H OH H H OH N N H2O G 30 5 kJ mol O P O P O P O CH2 O O Inorganic phosphate NH2 N O O Inorganic phosphate O Pyrophosphate Adenosine Triphosphate ATP O P OH NH2 Creatine O P O P OH O N NH Phosphocreatine O CH3 O O N N O P O P O CH2 O O O H H OH H OH H O O P OH O Inorganic phosphate ATP and High Energy Phosphate N N O O O O O H H OH O O O H OH H OH O O H OH H OH H 1 N N O P O CH2 O 0 Inorganic phosphate N H OH H OH NH2 O H H H2O G 32 3 kJ mol O P O P O P O CH2 O O O H N N N O O P OH H Adenosine Monophosphate AMP N N O O H NH2 Adenosine Triphosphate ATP N O O N O P O P O CH2 O O H OH O H2O G 30 5 kJ mol H N N N N O P O P O P O CH2 O O NH2 Adenosine Diphosphate ADP NH2 Adenosine Triphosphate ATP O O P O P OH O O Pyrophosphate 234 5643 Low Energy Phosphate O O P O CH2 O H H OH HO CH2 O H OH H OH OH H H2O G 13 9 kJ mol H H OH O H OH H OH O OH H O P OH O Inorganic phosphate Other Energetic Molecules O CoA S O CoA SH G 31 5 kJ mol CH3 Acetyl CoA H2O HO CH3 Acetic acid NADH 1 2 O2 NAD H2O G 220 kJ mol 0 1 2 13 01 8 9 3 1 8 8 1 A B101C 0 1 A 0 0 D 0 0 B101C 0 Membrane Energetics For entering a compartment C G RT ln in ZF Cout 4 56 0 7 5 3 3 7 8 8 GH F7 DE F E IJKGL E MNH Oxidative Phosphorylation and Photo phosphorylation NH2 Adenosine Diphosphate ADP N O O OH H OH H G 30 5 kJ mol O H N O O O N O P O P O P O CH2 O O O O H H H H OH OH O O P OH H N N N O O N O P O P O CH2 O NH2 Adenosine Triphosphate ATP N Inorganic phosphate H2O Substrate Level Phosphorylation NH2 Adenosine Diphosphate ADP O N O P O O O O O O P O P O CH2 O O C C CH2 O Phosphoenolpyruvate O H OH H OH H O O H2O O C C CH3 G 31 7 kJ mol H N N N N NH2 Adenosine Triphosphate ATP N N O O O N O P O P O P O CH2 O Pyruvate O O O H H OH H OH H ATP Buffers NH2 Adenosine Diphosphate ADP N O O O P O P O CH2 O O O H OH H OH O P O P O CH2 O O H H OH H OH H Adenylate kinase G 2 0 kJ mol O N O P O P O CH2 O O O H H OH H OH H N O N O P O P O P O CH2 O O O O H OH H OH O CH3 N H N NH Phosphocreatine O O P O O G 12 6 kJ mol O O CH3 N NH2 NH Creatine H H OH H OH H NH2 N N Creatine kinase N O N O P O CH2 O H H Adenosine Monophosphate NH2 AMP N N Adenosine Triphosphate ATP N O N N O N N O N N NH2 Adenosine Diphosphate ADP O O O H H O NH2 Adenosine Triphosphate ATP N N N N NH2 Adenosine Diphosphate ADP N …