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ajor Metabolic Pathways Glucose-6-phosphatedehydrogenaseCarbamoylphosphatesynthetase INH4MitochondrialMatrixCytoplasmFructose-1,6-bisphosphateDihydroxy-acetonephosphateGlyceraldehyde3-phosphate3-PhosphoglyceratePhosphoenolpyruvatePyruvatekinaseL-LactatePhosphofructo-kinaseFADH2CO2CoA-SHGTPNADHNAD+CoA-SHGDP + PiFADCoA-SHNADNADHNADHCO2Acetyl-CoAcis-AconitateIsocitrate!-KetoglutarateSuccinyl-CoASuccinateCitratesynthaseIsocitratedehydrogenase+!-Ketoglutaratedehydrogenase+TyrosinePhenylalanineHemePropionyl-CoAGlutamateIsoleucine*MethionineValineThreonine*HistidineProlineGlutamineGlutaminaseNH4GlutamineGlutaminesynthetaseNH4+ HCO3CarbamoylphophatePiLeucine*LysinePhenylalanine*Tryptophan*Tyrosine*GlutamatedehydrogenaseorAminotransferaseAcetoacetyl-CoAKetonebodiesIsoleucine*Leucine*Threonine*Fatty acidsCysteineGlycineSerineThreonine*Tryptophan*PyruvatecarboxylasePyruvatedehydrogenaseCO2+ATPCO2NADH+PyruvateNAD+ H2OADP+ PiATPAlanineNADFumarateMalateOxaloacetateAsparagineAspartate"-oxidationElectrontransportATPsynthaseOrnithineOrnithineArginineUreaFumarateAspartateArginino-succinateCitrullineCitrullineMalateNADPNADPHMalic enzymeOxaloacetatePyruvatePhosphoenolpyruvatecarboxykinaseAspartateFumarateCitrate lyaseAcetyl-CoACitrateCitrateFatty acidsCholesterolHMG-CoAReductaseAcetyl-CoAcarboxylaseAmino acidsTranscriptionTranslationProteinsUbiquitin conjugation, ProteolysisAmino acidsGlucoseGlycogenGlucose-6-phosphateFructose-6-phosphateRibulose-5-phosphateFructose-6-phosphate+Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphateRibose-5-phosphateNADP NADPHSerine Glycine+GlycerolGlycerolphosphate+FructoseCO2 +HexokinaseGlucokinaseGlucose-6-phosphataseFructosebisphosphataseNADP NADPHGlycogenPhosphorylaseGlycogensynthaseGlutamineAspartateSerinehydroxymethyltransferaseN5, N10MethyleneTHFGlycinesynthaseCarbamoylphosphatesynthetase IIRibose-5-phosphatepyrophosphokinasePRPP GlutamylamidotransferaseNucleotidesReplicationandTranscriptionNucleic acidsNucleasesO2NADHNADH+MembranelipidsandTriacylglycerolsGlycineHHProtein foldingPost-translational modificationsHHCO3Organisms Equilibrium Homeostasis Bioenergetics OOHHHOHOHHHOHCH2HHOGlucose6 CO2 + 6 H2O6 O2 +!G´° = –2870 kJ/mol Energetic Molecules POOOOPOOOHPOOO OHPOOO OH+POOOO POOOHHOHOHHCH2HONNNNNH2POOOAdenosine Triphosphate(ATP)CH3COCOOPyruvate+POOOOHInorganicphosphateCH2COCOOPhosphoenolpyruvatePOO OH2O+!G´° = –62.2 kJ/molONHNO CH3NHPOOO!G´° = –43.3 kJ/molPhosphocreatineON NH2O CH3NHCreatine+POOO OHInorganicphosphate!G´° = –33.6 kJ/molPyrophosphateInorganicphosphate!G´° = –30.5 kJ/molH2O+H2O+H2O+OPOOOHHOHOHHCH2HONNNNNH2POOOAdenosine Diphosphate(ADP)+POOOOHInorganicphosphateATP and “High Energy Phosphate” POOOO POOOHHOHOHHCH2HONNNNNH2POOOAdenosine Triphosphate(ATP)!G´° = –30.5 kJ/molH2O+OPOOOHHOHOHHCH2HONNNNNH2POOOAdenosine Diphosphate(ADP)+POOOOHInorganicphosphatePOOOO POOOHHOHOHHCH2HONNNNNH2POOOAdenosine Triphosphate(ATP)!G´° = –32.3 kJ/molH2O+OHHOHOHHCH2HONNNNNH2POOOAdenosine Monophosphate(AMP)+POOOOPOOOHPyrophosphate !"#$%&'()*+,&'()*+,-!-! !-! !"#$% "#$%../! .0! .1! .234+5643 “Low Energy Phosphate” OOHHHOHOHHHOHCH2HHOOPOOOOOHHHOHOHHHOHCH2H!G´° = –13.9 kJ/molH2O++POOO OHInorganicphosphateOther Energetic Molecules SCoACH3OAcetyl CoA!G´° = –31.5 kJ/molH2O+SHCoACH3OHO+Acetic acidNADH + 1/2 O2NAD + H2O!G´° = –220 kJ/mol !"#$%&'($)"**"*!!!!"!#$%&'(!)*!'+',-()#.!!"!/'0$,-1)#!2)-'#-13+!01**'('#,'=/4!!+#56()0$,-.75/'3,-3#-.78'(#.-!'9$3-1)#8:;<!=!>?8:;!=!<?>@)+',$+'&'1#A!)B101C'0@)+',$+'&'1#A!('0$,'08:;!=!?!'8:;<!DE)+-.FGH?!>?!=!?!'<?>!E=IJKGL!E!!!"! !!D F7!"! !MNH%)+)B101C'0('0$,'0 Membrane Energetics For entering a compartment ! "G = RT lnCinCout# $ % & ' ( + ZF")Oxidative Phosphorylation and Photo-phosphorylation POOOOPOOOHHOHOHHCH2HONNNNNH2POOOAdenosine Triphosphate(ATP)!G´° = +30.5 kJ/molOPOOOHHOHOHHCH2HONNNNNH2POOOAdenosine Diphosphate(ADP)+POOOOHInorganicphosphateH2O+ Substrate-Level Phosphorylation CH3COCOOPyruvateCH2COCOOPhosphoenolpyruvatePOO OH2O+!G´° = –31.7 kJ/molPOOOOPOOOHHOHOHHCH2HONNNNNH2POOOAdenosine Triphosphate(ATP)OPOOOHHOHOHHCH2HONNNNNH2POOOAdenosine Diphosphate(ADP)++ ATP Buffers OPOOOHHOHOHHCH2HONNNNNH2POOOAdenosine Diphosphate(ADP)OPOOOHHOHOHHCH2HONNNNNH2POOOAdenosine Diphosphate(ADP)+AdenylatekinasePOOOOPOOOHHOHOHHCH2HONNNNNH2POOOAdenosine Triphosphate(ATP)OHHOHOHHCH2HONNNNNH2POOOAdenosine Monophosphate(AMP)+!G´° = +2.0 kJ/molONHNO CH3NHPOOO!G´° = –12.6 kJ/molPhosphocreatineON NH2O CH3NHCreatine+POOOO POOOHHOHOHHCH2HONNNNNH2POOOAdenosine Triphosphate(ATP)CreatinekinaseO POOOHHOHOHHCH2HONNNNNH2POOOAdenosine