Alternatives Sources for Energy and MaterialsEnergy & Materials ProductionTraditional sources Modern of EnergyPercentages of Total Energy World-wide and for the U.S.Alternative Sources of EnergyElectrical Energy Alternatives Hydroelectric I - DamsNiagara Falls Hydroelectric DamsThree-Rivers Gorge DamThree-Rivers Gorge Dam Environmental ImpactElectrical Energy Alternatives Hydroelectric II - DamsElectrical Energy Alternatives Hydroelectric II - TidalExamples of Tidal Energy ProductionElectrical Energy Alternatives Hydroelectric III – Ocean CurrentsElectrical Energy Alternatives Nuclear Energy INuclear Energy IINuclear Energy IIIElectrical Energy Alternatives Wind Generation IElectrical Energy Alternatives Wind Generation IIElectrical Energy Alternatives Wind Generation III – Variations in DesignSlide 20Electrical Energy Alternatives Wind Generation V – Power GridElectrical Energy Alternatives Power Grid Considerations IElectrical Energy Alternatives Power Grid Considerations IIElectrical Energy Alternatives Solar Energy IElectrical Energy Alternatives Solar Energy II – Solar RadiationElectrical Energy Alternatives Solar Energy III - PhotovoltaicElectrical Energy Alternatives Solar Energy IV – Concentrating Solar PowerElectrical Energy Alternatives Stored Energy I – Pumped Stored HydroelectricityElectrical Energy Alternatives Biomass/Algae IElectrical Energy Alternatives Biomass/Algae IIElectrical Energy Alternatives Biomass/Algae IIIElectrical Energy Alternatives Biomass/Algae IVElectrical Energy Alternatives Biomass/Algae VPropulsion Energy Alternatives Automobiles I – Non-petroleum fuelPropulsion Energy Alternatives Automobiles II – Battery Powered CarsPropulsion Energy Alternatives Automobiles III – Hydrogen Powered CarsPropulsion Energy Alternatives Automobiles IV – Alternative FuelsHeating Energy Alternatives Homes/Buildings IGeothermal Energy AlternativesGeothermal Energy IGeothermal Energy IIBiomaterialsSlide 43Slide 44PHA Bioplastic Production & PurificationSlide 46Alternatives Sources for Energy and MaterialsEnergy & Materials Production•What are traditional sources of energy and construction materials that are utilized?•What are some disadvantages of these sources?•What alternatives exist for energy production.•What alternatives exist for materials production.Traditional sources Modern of Energy•Petroleum based fuels (gasoline, diesel, aviation fuel, kerosene, etc.)•Coal•Natural gasPercentages of Total Energy World-wide and for the U.S.Alternative Sources of Energy•Electrical Energy–Hydroelectric (dams, turbines, tidal, ocean currents, etc.)–Nuclear Energy–Wind Energy–Solar (multiple sources)–Stored Energy–Biomass/Algae•Automotive & Truck (propulsion systems)–Electrical battery–Hydrogen–Solar & battery–Alternative sources of gasoline-type fuels (ethanol based)–Alternative sources of diesel-type fuels (algae, etc.)•Heating (homes & buildings)–Passive heating–GeothermalRequire more investment in U.S. power grid WHY?Electrical Energy AlternativesHydroelectric I - Dams•Advantages of Dams –Existing form of energy production (2.4 % in the U.S.)–Have a very low relative cost to operate (<½ coal)–Do not produce hazardous by-products (waste or air pollution)–Once built can have a very long life decades or longer–Reservoir can be used for recreation purposes & irrigation–Stored water is a constant energy source•Disadvantages of Dams–Expensive to build, especially if they are to last (sediment issue)–Impact large area upstream (reservoir – people & wildlife)–Jurisdiction issues on rivers between adjoining states/nations–Rise of local water table is possible–Interruption of sediment flow on rivers–Impact on flushing of water pollutionNiagara Falls Hydroelectric DamsThree-Rivers Gorge DamSediment build-up behind this dam is of special concernBut it will produce electricity for 100 million peopleThree-Rivers Gorge DamEnvironmental ImpactBaiji, Yangtze River DolphinSiberian CraneElectrical Energy AlternativesHydroelectric II - Dams•Of the 80,000 dams in the U.S. only ~3% are used to generate electricity.•Note our comment initially that though expensive to build, dams that generate electricity are relatively inexpensive to operate – therefore we are missing a large opportunity here to use an already expensively built resource.•New York State has over 600 registered dams, not including many associated with the lock system on the barge canal. Most do not generate electricity but could be retrofitted to capture this energy source.Electrical Energy Alternatives Hydroelectric II - Tidal•Usually involves creation of ‘tidal-dams’ or free standing turbines in estuaries to capture flow and drive turbines•Advantages–Do not produce hazardous by-products (waste or air pollution)–Located in areas that are otherwise not being utilized•Disadvantages–Relatively costly to build & cost to operate is variable–Would be limited to coastal regions, and only those with relatively large tidal fluctuations–Has intermittent energy production (though this is completely predictable)–Can impact organisms that live in these areas (especially those associated with estuaries – which generally have larger tidal effects)Examples of Tidal Energy ProductionTidal energy dam in La Rance, France; 240 MWElectrical Energy Alternatives Hydroelectric III – Ocean Currents•A potentially very important source of electrical energy•Currently it is only speculative in natureElectrical Energy Alternatives Nuclear Energy I•Existing form of electricity production, producing >8% of electricity for the U.S.•Advantages:–Existing form of energy production–Does not produce CO2, and therefore does not increase our impact on Global Warming•Disadvantages:–Extremely expensive (in many aspects)–Produces extremely toxic wastes that need to be secured for (very) long periods of time–Requires very sophisticated and complex operations–Accidents at these types of facilities can result in widespread contamination by radioactive materialsNuclear Energy IINine Mile Point Nuclear StationThe cost of electricity generation by nuclear plants is complicated, simply put it is less costly than coal for electricity, but not if long term disposal and accidents are considered. But if carbon credits are considered than it might be very cost effective.Nuclear Energy IIIPaluel, France Kashiwazaki,