111Last Exam Last Exam ––Final Exam Final Exam DecemberDecember16, 2:10 16, 2:10 ––3:25 pm, HW7143:25 pm, HW714¾¾Chapters 8, 9, 10 and part of 11Chapters 8, 9, 10 and part of 11¾¾60 multiple choice questions60 multiple choice questions¾¾this exam constitutes 34% of your total this exam constitutes 34% of your total (overall) grade (overall) grade Remember to bring pencils!!! (No. 2) and to follow the instructions about writing your names on both exam and answer sheets, as well as to ‘bubble’ your names (no IDs!) on the appropriate place of the answer sheet (on the back). 22Grades:Grades are based on three midterms and a final.3 midterms – 22% eachfinal exam – 34% All Extra Credits are IN ADDITION to these!Grading is as follows: 90-100=A; 80-89=B; 70-79=C; 60-69=D; <60=FCR/NC forms will be allowed – Can request them BEFORE final exam. To be eligible all coursework MUST be completed. 33Guide to study and recommended questions from the Concept Check (CC) boxes in textbook:Chapter 8: See enclosed review and answer questions related to the topics shown in reviewChapter 9: For the first part of the chapter, see enclosed review and answer questions related to the topics shown in review. From section 9.16 till end, answer CC questions 18 through 23. Chapter 10: 1 through 15, 19, 20 and 24 through 30. Chapter 11: 1, 2, 7, 8, and 9.44Fig. 6-17, p. 169Keep in mind: The Ocean Is Stratified by Densitytwo samples of water can have the same densityat different combinations of temperatureand salinity!255Chapter 8The AtmosphereSolar Radiation -initial source of energy to the Earth. It can be absorbed, reflected and reradiated. The redistribution of this energy controls the structure and dynamics of the Atmosphere and Oceans66Review1. how energy varies with latitude and why2. why we have seasons?3. convection cells: sea/land breeze4. Coriolis effect/force: how it works in both North and South 5. thermal large-scale cells and wind patterns6. moonsons7. the greenhouse effect and its importance to current issues of global environmental problems8. know the leading greenhouse gases in the atmosphere77The Solar Heating of Earth Varies with LatitudeThe Solar Heating of Earth Varies with LatitudeHow solar energy input How solar energy input varies with latitude.varies with latitude.Equal amounts of sunlight are Equal amounts of sunlight are spread over a greater surface spread over a greater surface area near the poles than in area near the poles than in the tropics.the tropics.Ice near the poles reflects Ice near the poles reflects much of the energy that much of the energy that reaches the surface there.reaches the surface there.The atmosphere reflects, scatters and absorbs solar radiation. At high latitudes solar radiation travels a longer path through atmosphere.88EarthEarth’’s Uneven Solar Heating Results in Larges Uneven Solar Heating Results in Large--Scale Thermal Cell type of Atmospheric CirculationScale Thermal Cell type of Atmospheric CirculationA convection current forms in A convection current forms in a room when air flows from a a room when air flows from a hot radiator to a cold window hot radiator to a cold window and back.and back.Air warms, expands, becomes Air warms, expands, becomes less dense, and rises over the less dense, and rises over the radiator. Air cools, contracts, radiator. Air cools, contracts, becomes more dense, and falls becomes more dense, and falls near the cold glass window.near the cold glass window.A convection cell is driven by density differences399Wind bands – Three convection cells in each hemisphereTrade winds = NE (30°N to 0°) and SE (30°S to 0°)Westerlies = 60°N to 30°N and 60°S to 30°SPolar easterlies = 90°N to 60°N and 90°S to 60°SLow pressure at 0°, 60°N, and 60°SLow pressure, ascending air, clouds, increased precipitationHigh pressure at 30°N, 30°S, 90°N, and 90°SHigh pressure, descending air, clear skies, low precipitation1010A A monsoonmonsoonis a pattern of wind is a pattern of wind circulation that changes with the circulation that changes with the season. season. Locations where monsoons Locations where monsoons occur typically have wet summers and occur typically have wet summers and dry winters. dry winters. Monsoon patterns.Monsoon patterns.During the monsoon circulations of During the monsoon circulations of January (a) and July (b), surface January (a) and July (b), surface winds are deflected to the right in the winds are deflected to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. (c) Detail the Southern Hemisphere. (c) Detail of summer Asian monsoon, showing of summer Asian monsoon, showing location of location of CherrapunjiCherrapunji, India, one f , India, one f the worldthe world’’s wettest places. Rainfall s wettest places. Rainfall amounts there can exceed 10 meters amounts there can exceed 10 meters (425 inches) per year!(425 inches) per year!Monsoons Are Wind Patterns That Change with Monsoons Are Wind Patterns That Change with the Seasonsthe Seasons1111Chapter 8 - SummaryThe interaction of ocean and atmosphere moderates surface The interaction of ocean and atmosphere moderates surface temperatures, shapes Earth's weather and climate, and temperatures, shapes Earth's weather and climate, and creates most of the sea's waves and currents.creates most of the sea's waves and currents.Different amounts of solar energy are absorbed at different Different amounts of solar energy are absorbed at different latitudes, and this makes the tropics warmer than the polar latitudes, and this makes the tropics warmer than the polar regions.regions.Uneven solar heating causes convection currents to form in Uneven solar heating causes convection currents to form in the atmosphere and leads to areas of different atmospheric the atmosphere and leads to areas of different atmospheric pressures. The direction of air flow in these currents is pressures. The direction of air flow in these currents is influenced by the rotation of Earth.influenced by the rotation of Earth.To observers on the surface, Earth's rotation causes moving To observers on the surface, Earth's rotation causes moving air (or any moving mass) in the Northern Hemisphere to curve air (or any moving mass) in the Northern Hemisphere to curve to the to the rightrightof its initial path, and in the Southern Hemisphere of its initial path, and in the Southern