BIOLOGY EXAM STUDY POINTERSBasically, all of the assigned reading is fair game! The important points have been covered in lecture! Workshop activities are a good reference too. You should not just know or understand as stated here, but be able to apply the knowledge. Here are the main points with a few details:Know cell structure and function – Table 7.1 should be very familiar to you and the images drawings/images of cell structure should be very familiar.Know functional groups we have seen in biomolecules (see Table 2.1 pg 38) and understand their basic properties in the context of the biomolecule.Know what a ketose and an aldose are and how to draw them; what is a triose, a hexose; what are the major structural differences of carbohydrate; how does polymerization occur; what ring forms exist and how do they apply to linkages; what are the roles of carbohydrates.Know how to draw the basic structure of an amino acid and how to draw to amino acids linked by a peptide bond. Know the names of the amino acids and their associated properties based on their R groups. Ask yourself “what would this R group be involved in” etc.. If given a name of an amino acid, you should know the R group property! Understand why some molecules are optical isomers and how to identify them. Know how polymerization of proteins happens. Know the conventions associated with reading polypeptide chains – know what an amino and carboxyl group look like. Understand the different levels of protein structure, what parts of the polypeptide backbone or R groups play a role in these structures. Understand what catalysts and enzymes do with respect to free energy, activation energy and the rate of a reaction. Know how enzymes undergo conformational change for an induced fit. Understand the steps of enzyme action. Know how competitive inhibitors and allosteric regulators function. Know the general flow of energy in an ecosystem and the final storage molecule of energy in organisms. How and why is that molecule coupled with nonspontaneous reactions?Catalysts and EnzymesCatalysts are not changed or consumed in reactionProteins that catalyze reactions are called enzymes. Name of enzyme ends with “ase”HIV ProteaseExample of active siteCompetitive InhibitionEnzymes only lower the Ea!Most reactions are endergonic(The change in Gibbs Free Energy is positive) So. . . we have coupled reactions!LIPIDS AND MEMBRANESFunctions of Cell Membranes• Separates internal environment from external environment• Provides a selective barrier: allows only certain molecules to pass through• Concentrates reactants and increase reaction efficiencyFunctions of Lipids• Store chemical energy• Serve as signals between cells• Form waterproof coatings on leaves and skin• Act as vitamins• Used in many cellular processes• And more!Ether bond -ArchaeaEster bond – Eukarya and BacteriaQuestions!!!• What types of molecules or ions can cross membraneand how rapidly?• Is membrane selective permeability?• How does temperature and composition of lipids inmembrane affect permeability?• What happens if add certain proteins to membrane?Carbon atoms with double bonds are planar and locked into placeCholesterol fills spaces between phospholipids and decreases fluidity and permeabilityHigher temperatures increase fluidity and permeabilityMove from a high to lowconcentration until equilibrium is reachedHyper = excess, moreHypo = lowIso = same,