THE DIVERSIFICATION OF LIFEVIRUSESHummm….alive or not alive?Patrick Forterre, PNAS 2006.Crick and Watson came up with the idea of identical subunits used for building viruses – for capsids to interface repeatedly, the structure must be symmetricalUnless otherwise noted images were created by Jean-Yves Sgro from published X-ray data on Silicon Graphics, Inc. (sgi) hardware with the program GRASP (Graphical Representation and Analysis of Structural Properties) written by Dr. Anthony Nichols. http://rhino.bocklabs.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/virusworld/virustable.plEnveloped vs Non-enveloped VirusesPapillomavirusRotavirusInfluenzavirusOK, now on to some viruses you may have heard of . . . starting with HIV . . .HIV-1 and HIV-2Introduced to humans by chimpanzees and sooty mangabeys, respectivelyHIV-1 and HIV-2Lesson 1: Never call a chimpanzee a monkey.They are great apes and belong to the hominoid primates.Lesson 2: It is all about the tail, which monkeys have and apes do not. Old World Monkeys have tails, but they are not prehensile.Sooty mangabeyHIV-1 evolved from SIVcpz after being introduced to humans on least three occasions.SIVcpz is a recombinant virus of a)the red capped mangabey (SIVrcm) Andb) the greater spot-nosed monkey (SIVgsn)Red capped mangabeyCercocebus torquatastorquatasRegion: Central West AfricaWhat does "mangabey" mean?These medium-sized African monkeys are named "mangabey," after the port city of Mangabe in Madagascar, from which they were first shipped to Europe.Greater spot-nosed monkeyCercopithecus nictitansRegion: Central AfricaHIV-2 evolved from Sooty mangabey’sSIV that was introduced to humans on numerous occasions (groups A-H).InfluenzaHey, go get your flu shotUnless you are allergic to eggs.www.rit.edu/ And cover your mouth and nose when you sneeze.Emergency hospital during influenza epidemic, Camp Funston, Kansas. www.influenzareport.com/ir/virol.htmInfluenza A Evolution1874 --- (H3N8) 1890 --- (H2N2) .........................Pandemic 1902 --- (H3N2) 1918 --- (H1N1)..........................Pandemic 1933 --- (H1N1)..........................First strains isolated 1947 --- (H1N1)..........................Variation detected 1957 --- (H2N2).........................."Asian" Flu pandemic 1968 --- (H3N2).........................."Hong Kong" Flu pandemic 1976 --- (H1N1).........................."Swine" Flu, non-epidemic 1977 --- (H1N1) + (H3N2)........."Russian" Flu epidemic1997 --- (H5N1)…………………Hong Kong poultry and humans2002 --- (H*5N1)………………...HA antigenic drift – pathogenic in ducks and other aquatic birds2003 --- (H*5N1)………………..Family infected with this virus2004 --- (H5N1) ………………..Vietnam, Indonesia and Thailand outbreaks2006/07 …………………………Possible reassortment or drift would lead to human to human transmissionCoronaviruses - SARSPaguma larvataCoronaviruses infect humans, pigs, cats, mice, rats, cows, turkeys, and likely a variety of other animals.SARS-CoVoriginated from a masked palm civet in China.Ebola MarburgEbola and Marburg“Ebola kills over 5,000 gorillas“ BBC News “Ebola Imperils Gorilla Species in Congo Republic”, NY TimesLossi Sanctuary “Massive Great Ape Die-Off in Africa—Ebola Suspected”National Geographic NewsHey, what do you know about Arboviruses?What you should know is that they are in your backyard with the dinosaurs.Final 2003 West Nile Virus Activity in the United States2007 West Nile Virus Activity in the United States(Reported to CDC as of October 30, 2007)No vaccine to date!No vaccine to date!There are other arboviruses, such as Yellow FeverCurrently in Africa and South AmericaBut we have a vaccine.QUESTIONS – Group Discussion will follow1. What impact does global warming have the spread of infectious diseases?(do not exclude the oceans in your conversation)2. What other human activities impact the spread of viruses?3. How might you track the origin of SIVrcm (red capped mangabey) and SIVgsn (greater spot-nosed monkey)?4. Should we be worried about another