FINAL EXAM SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS PHILOSOPHY 166 SPRING 2006 YOUR NAME________________________________ Time allowed: 90 minutes. This portion of the exam counts for one-half of your exam grade. No use of books or notes is permitted during this exam. ANSWER FOURTEEN of the seventeen questions on these pages. (If you need more space, use the back sides of these sheets.) 1. Suppose we are wondering whether Serbs, Croats, and Bosnians in former Yugoslavia should join together in one nation-state or instead form three separate nation-states. In chapter 16, “Of Nationality,” Mill introduces several considerations that are relevant to deciding issues of this sort. Summarize the main considerations he affirms and take not of any you think might have special importance for this example as you conceive it. 2. In his essay “Freedom, Dependence, and the General Will,” Frederick Neuhouser holds that two distinct conceptions of freedom have a bearing on the question whether an individual who is forced to obey the general will can is thereby forced to be free. What are the two conceptions and how according to Neuhouser do they affect the proper interpretation of Rousseau’s doctrine on this point? 3. Having first argued that individuals have a natural right to appropriate unowned pieces of the earth as private property when there is more than enough land to satisfy everyone’s desires to appropriate, Locke considers the justifiability of private appropriation and continued private ownership of pieces of land when land is scarce. What is his view about the justifiability of private appropriation in this second type of case, and what are the major reasons he presents to support his position on this issue?Page 2 of 6 4. In chapter 5 of On Liberty Mill an example of an individual who is prevented from crossing an unsafe bridge. What are the main points that Mill makes in connection with this example, and how should this discussion affect our understanding of the liberty principle that he affirms in chapter 1? 5. Describing the stages of the development of human society in Part 2 of the Discourse on the Origin of Inequality, Rousseau writes of one particular stage that it “must have been the happiest and most durable epoch.” He adds that “this state was the least subject to upheavals and the best for man.” Describe the stage of social development Rousseau is talking about here. According to Rousseau, what makes this stage desirable? According to Rousseau, what brought about the disappearance of this stage? 6. Much of chapter 6 of Considerations on Representative Government is taken up with Mill’s description and analysis of two positive evils and dangers that can afflict representative government, especially under modern conditions. Summarize Mill’s description and analysis in this chapter of these two problems.Page 3 of 6 7, In the Critique of the Gotha Program, Marx raises several objections against appealing to notions of rights to criticize a capitalist order and asserts that notions of rights are inherently defective, even the ones that will be fulfilled in the first stage of communist society. Summarize the main points in this critique of rights and justice. 8. In the Second Treatise of Government, Locke considers the claim that just as the husband is the legitimate absolute monarch of the family, so too the king should be the legitimate absolute monarch of society, which is a larger community or family. State his main responses to this argument for absolute monarchy by means of an analogy between proper governance in society and in the family. 9. Consider Mill’s notion of individuality as developed in On Liberty, chapter 3. Suppose it is the case that you develop your individuality (as described in that chapter) but get no pleasure or enjoyment in doing so. In this case can Mill maintain that individuality is an intrinsic component of your happiness (happiness being understood according to Mill’s construal of it in the first paragraphs of Utilitarianism, chapter 4)? Why or why not? In his case can Mill maintain that individuality is contributing to your happiness in some other way? Why or why not?Page 4 of 6 10. In Part II of the “Communist Manifesto” Marx and Engels invent a bourgeois moral critic and put several objections against communism in the mouth of this imagined critic. They reply to the objections. State any three of the bourgeois critic’s objections along with the replies by Marx and Engels. 11. In chapter 5 of Considerations on Representative Government, Mill distinguishes the “ultimate controlling power” that the representative body in a representative government should have, from the jobs or functions that the representative body should perform itself. What are the “proper functions of representative bodies” according to Mill? State the main reasons Mill gives for drawing the boundary between what the representative body should do and should not do where he does. 12.In the “Estranged Labor” section of the Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844, Marx describes a condition of estranged or alienated labor. It has four aspects or components. Describe the four components. For each, state the condition that must obtain for the laborer to be alienated in this respect. Page 5 of 6 13. In chapter 1 of On Liberty Mill asserts “one very simple principle, as entitled to govern absolutely the dealings of society with the individual in the way of compulsion and control.” State the principle or principles that Mill asserts in chapter 1 after the quoted remark. Mill proceeds to offer several significant qualifications and limits on the application of the principle in chapter 1. What are these significant qualifications and limits?14. In chapter 1 of On Liberty, Mill states that society does not proper jurisdiction over “that portion of an individual’s life and conduct that affects only himself.” He adds, “When I say only himself, I mean directly and in the first instance: for whatever affects himself, may affect others through himself.” He announces that he will take up this issue late, and does in chapter 4. What is Mill’s considered position on the distinction between direct and indirect harm to self as it affects the interpretation of the liberty principle?