Writing Process and Planning:Slide 2Slide 3Organization is more important than grammar!Learn to frame what’s importantManageable Chunks: Integrating headings and textKeep purpose clear – where are we?Cluster information in manageable chunks.Maintaining Flow: Provide Trail MarkersProvide Trail MarkersWhat makes this paragraph easy to read?What’s missing in this paragraph?Transitions between SentencesTransitions between sentencesTransitions create organizationMaintaining FocusWeak, Unfocused ParagraphFocused ParagraphMaintaining FocusMaintaining FocusCluster information in manageable chunks: ExerciseWhat sequence of ideas would be best for this paragraph?Maintain ParallelismParallelism in ListsFaulty Parallelism in ListsLists cannot float on their ownWriting Process and Planning:You organize for yourself (outlines, etc.), and you organize the document for the reade r.Organize for the READERLearn to frame what’s importantOnce you have a first draft, focus on Once you have a first draft, focus on organizing for your reader.organizing for your reader.Organization is more important than grammar!•Grammatical errors are not good, but for the reader they’re not as bad as these problems:–illogical sequence of ideas – why am I reading about all these details when I don’t yet know the big picture?–no pattern of organization – is this section moving from most important to least important ideas, or not?–no flow of ideas – I feel as though I’m starting over again with each new sentence.Learn to frame what’s important•Use graphics•Cluster information in manageable chunks–Keep the trail markers coming: where are we in the document?–Use headings wisely–Use transitions and other rhetorical devices–Use beginnings and endings to keep purpose clear.•Use lists–check parallelismManageable Chunks: Integrating headings and text3. Experimental ProcedureThe following procedure was used to count the neutrons in this experiment.•3.1 Apparatus. The main apparatus used for neutron counting is a chopper wheel, shown in Figure 3, that chops the neutron beam into clusters of particles. The wheel is a cadmium disk, approximately 1.2 cm in diameter, with 6 slits, each approximately I mm in width. The wheel is rotated by a low-power AC motor.•3.2 Chronology of Experiments. XxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxKeep purpose clear – where are we?•Create introductory and concluding sections for your chapters.–This chapter summarizes research to date on RDX fate and transport, Pantex hydrogeologic characteristics, and models simulating solute transport through the unsaturated zone. –In conclusion, the contour map-based model could be a useful tool to distribute spatially the chemicals correlating to source features. However, this model was unable to determine the magnitude and fate and transport of the COCs in the ground water. The following chapter focuses on [another] model, which . . .Cluster information in manageable chunks.•Maintain flow: provide trail markers•Maintain focus•Maintain parallelismMaintaining Flow: Provide Trail Markers•Transitions establish connections between parts of a sentence, whole sentences, and paragraphs.•The right transitions guide the reader down the right path: comparison contrastsequence cause and effectaddition example Repeating key words also guides the readerProvide Trail MarkersRepetition is important highlighting strategy•Repeat major ideas in several places in the document. •Repeat same keywords:• contour map-based modelWhat makes this paragraph easy to read?A number of devices are available to work with inmeeting your specifed requirements. One such deviceis the aneroid control, which is used to limit the fuelwhile the turbocharger is building up manifold pressureduring acceleration. Another device is the pressure-reducing valve, which reduces the pressure of the fuelentering the carburator. We have also developed otherdevices that we think will be useful in the future.What’s missing in this paragraph?•Numerical results show that fluid loss can be divided into two parts: spurt loss and dynamic loss. Spurt loss is controlled by the formation permeability, fracturing fluids, injection conditions, and filter cakes properties. The slope of the spurt loss curve is mainly determined by the formation permeability. High permeability formation has a large slope. Dynamic fluid loss is controlled by the properties of the fracturing fluid and the filter cakes and by the minimum invaded-zone porosity and permeability.Transitions between Sentences•The project manager will leave for the conference on Friday. ________ , the project engineers will remain in the office.Transitions between sentences•The number of important reservoir discoveries is decreasing continuously both onshore and offshore in shallow water. The number of well completions in deep and ultra-deep waters is expected to increase significantly in the near future.Transitions create organizationAs an air mass passes over an urban area, its ozone concentration is first reduced and then increased as the city’s hydrocarbon emissions react to form more ozone. Initially, the concentration of ozone upwind of the city may be quite high on hot summer days. Then, as the air mass moves over an urban area, it reacts with locally emitted chemicals, reducing the ozone concentration. This reaction produces various toxic substances. Finally, the air mass moves out of the city, downwind, and the hydrocarbons released from various urban sources react with the oxides of nitrogen to form more ozone.Maintaining FocusWeak, Unfocused Paragraph The main operating cost is hydraulic oil replacement. GR-30 oil costs $18.60K per total plant charge, compared to XR-1023, which is $7.80K. Oil life has a major impact on the overall economics. Preliminary economics were based on a 1-year nickel life, . . . (Paradis and Zimmerman, 1998)Medium-sized ideaDetailsMajor ideaDetailFocused Paragraph Hydraulic oil costs and life largely determine the economics of the hydro plant, because its main operating cost is oil replacement. GR-30 and XR-1023, the two oils we are considering, cost $18.60K and $7.80K, respectively, per total plant charge. . . . We are still projecting, then, that XR-1023 will cost less and last longer per plant charge.Maintaining Focus The 5-year plan does not indicate a clearly defined commitment to long-range environmental research. For instance, the