Flow in Pipe Circuits - Minor LossesEgr 365 Experiment 7bI. Purpose – to experimentally determine minor losses for water flow through various fittings and to compare them to values previously published data.II. ProcedureA. Derivations of necessary equationsB. Measure time t for water to drain a distance hC. Find minor loss coefficients using equation:III. ResultsA. Pipe nipple with no fittingsB. Pipe nipple with globe valve fittingIV. ConclusionsA. Comparison with Published values obtained from handout of fittingsB. Discuss any discrepanciesPurposeV. ProcedureFigure 1. Tank apparatus used for experimentVI. ResultsIX. ConclusionsFlow in Pipe Circuits - Minor LossesEgr 365 Experiment 7bPerformed by: Lee C. GroenewegProfessor: Dr. FleischmannOutlineI. Purpose – to experimentally determine minor losses for water flow through various fittings and to compare them to values previously published data.II. ProcedureA. Derivations of necessary equationsB. Measure time t for water to drain a distance hC. Find minor loss coefficients using equation:k = ½ (A0/At)2gt2/(h0 ½ -h ½ )2 + (A0/At)2 – 1.0III.ResultsA. Pipe nipple with no fittingsB. Pipe nipple with globe valve fittingIV. ConclusionsA. Comparison with Published values obtained from handout of fittingsB. Discuss any discrepanciesPurposeTo experimentally determine minor losses for water flow through various fittings and to compare them to values previously published data.V. ProcedureFor this lab, fittings were attached to a metal nipple pipe to determine the minor loss coefficients, k. This was done by measuring the height as a function of time as the tank drained. As the tank drained the time it took to drain to a specified height was recorded. This value was then used in the following equation as the h (t) value. This equation is used to determine the summation of the minor losses.k = ½ (A0/At)2gt2/(h0 ½ -h ½ )2 + (A0/At)2 – 1.0where A0 is the area of the fitting, At is the area of the tank, and h0 is the original water depth, and h is the water depth at time t. Figure 1 shows how the apparatus used is designed. Figure 1. Tank apparatus used for experimentVI. Results By substituting in the values for h and t, the k values for the fittings could be determined.This equation was derived from the conservation of mass and energy equations, with the derivations attached as Appendix A. Table 1 shows the values for k with no fittings.No Fitting height (in) height (ft) time k value10 0.833333 0Fitting Diameter 12 1 3.77 -0.548860.041666667 14 1.166667 7.52 -0.51288Fitting Area 16 1.333333 11.15 -0.487750.00211 18 1.5 15.08 -0.43663Tank Diameter 20 1.666667 19.18 -0.380020.833333333 22 1.833333 23.55 -0.31327Tank Area 24 2 27.87 -0.255350.545415391 26 2.166667 32.49 -0.18627gravity 28 2.333333 37.02 -0.1259132.2 30 2.5 42.02 -0.0473132 2.666667 46.99 0.02598434 2.833333 52.55 0.121185Table 1. k values for pipe with no fittings.Table 2 shows the values for k with a ½ inch nom. globe valve.W/ Fitting height height (ft) time k value10 0.833333 0.00Fitting Diameter 12 1 10.46 2.4727630.041666667 14 1.166667 20.71 2.694474Fitting Area 16 1.333333 31.31 3.0396180.00211 18 1.5 42.40 3.453598Tank Diameter 20 1.666667 53.93 3.901520.833333333 22 1.833333 65.40 4.29601Tank Area 24 2 77.52 4.7609670.545415391 26 2.166667 89.96 5.238407gravity 28 2.333333 102.71 5.72822632.2 30 2.5 116.40 6.31040932 2.666667 129.93 6.84410334 2.833333 144.96 7.531458Table 2. k values for pipe with globe valve fitting.VII.VIII.IX. ConclusionsFrom the tables it is shown that the minor losses increase as the water depth decreases (going down in the tank). This would suggest that the friction factors of the fittings have a greater effect when the flow speed is decreased. It is worth noting that the vales for k in the “no fittings” experiment is peculiar since most of the values are negative. Also the values for k for the globe valve include the k values for the nipple pipe. When compare to published values, the pipe itself, which represents only a round edged entrance, is close to the published value of 0.2 - 0.25. The values for the globe valve however are not nearly as close to the published value of