Exam 2 Learning Objectives & Study Guide AnswersLearning Objectives:1. Characterize the alternative definitions and goals of the state.2. Compare and contrast the concepts of nation and state.3. Outline the key components of the political systemStudy Guide Answers1. The Kurds are people who live in the borders of Turkey, Iraq, and Iran but are not considered Turks, Arabs, or Persians (Iranians). They have their own language and distinctive culture. They want to be recognized as their own country but instead they have experienced centuries of discrimination, cultural destruction, massive violence and genocide. They are considered a nation because the nation spills over into two or more states.2. Legal definition of State: a territorially bound sovereign entity. Examples: France, or Nigeria.3. Subnational unit: State of Alabama4. Sovereignty: premise that each state has complete authority and is the ultimate source of law within its own boundaries. It relates to international law with territorial integrity. 5. Territorial Integrity: a state that has the right to resist and reject any aggression, invasion, or intervention within its territorial borders. The states protection of territorial integrity depends on the state’s capacity and the political power6. 1. Dispute over borders 2. Disagreement over who the legitimate rulers are 3. Serious human rights violations7. R2P: based on 3 mutually reinforced pillarsa. The duty to every state to protect its people from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanityb. A commitment of international community to help states fulfill their responsibilitiesc. The preparedness of countries to take collective action under the UN Charter when a state manifestly fails to protect its populations8. Legal Definition: territorially bound sovereign entity Structural-Functional Definition: organized institutional machinery for making and carrying out political decisions and for enforcing the laws and rules of the government. These differ because the legal definition just states that there will be law and that it is in control of its own law. The Structural-Functional Definition states more in detail about what will happen to that law. It will be enforced and carried out.9. Max Weber introduced the “Police Power” (domestic) which is saying states are the only ones that can enforce laws by using violence10. Levi’s two broad functions of state: Maintain order and to compete with the other actualor potential states. They occur within the government11. What functions must be performed if the state is to persist? What structures perform these necessary functions within a given state? In the U.S., policy decisions are decided between the president, cabinet departments, the bureaucracy, the courts, interest groups, citizens through electoral initiatives and not just through Congress12. Eight Functions: Political Socialization, Political Recruitment, Political Communication, Interest Aggregation, Policymaking, Policy Implementation, Policy Adjudication13. The President, Cabinet Departments, Bureaucracy, Courts, Or non-state actors such as Interest Groups, Media, Social Groups, International Organizations14. To illuminate the key processes performed by each important structure and the subtle interrelationships among structures as they contribute to a given function. Agencies and governmental departments perform government functions15. Over-arching goals:a. Security (Survival, Autonomy, Influence, Prestige, and Dominance), Stability (Order Maintenance, Political Development), Prosperity (Economic Growth, Economic Development, Welfare Distribution).b. Security is the most important. It entails the very existence of a state. 16. The functions give a way for the goals to be achieved17. No, states can’t achieve all of the goals. An example tradeoff would be growth versus welfare. This means when a state makes a costly increase in the amount of welfare goods and services to its allocated citizens it uses resources that it might otherwise have reinvested in the state’s economic system to facilitate economic growth.18. Res publica- “things of the people” One state could be totally in its citizens lives while another could not be. Ex. One state may provide a total health care delivery system to allcitizens with no direct charges for doctors, hospitals or treatment, whereas another state may subsidize only hospitalization for the very poor.a. The US has healthcare for everyone, No religion in schools, Pledge of Allegiance during school day19. Nation: a set of people with a deeply shared fundamental identification.a. The people in a nation share descent, culture, religion, language, economic order.20. A nation is more of a group of people who share a lot of similar beliefs while a state is a big group of people forming a government.21. A nation is a major group beyond a family group; with whom a person identifies very powerfully22. Nationalism: a powerful commitment to the advancement of the interests and welfare of an individual’s own nation 23. People who originally inhabited an area, “natives”, and then were invaded by a nation. No political power or social power and their culture is marginalized or suppressed by thedominant culture24. Nation-State: an area that has both the territorial borders of a single state and a citizenry who all share the same primary national identityi. Japan is an exampleb. Multi-National State: significant groups whose fundamental identities are associated with different nationsi. Quebecois in Canada25. It will produce more than 50 new states and that nation-based conflicts might remain the world’s major cause of violence and instabilitya. 26. Political System: adapted from the “general systems theory” of biology by Easton; Any “system” is a series of components that operate together and are interrelated, such that change in any one component can affect other components27. “The authoritative allocation of values for the collectivity” this means that the political system makes policy decisions(allocations) that are bindings(based on its authority) with regard to things that have importance(values) to the people it serves(the collectivity). a. Allocations: refers to such choice making- to the process by which decisions and actions are taken to grant values to some and deny values to othersb. Values: things that have great