Chapter 1Physiology of Exercise in the U.S.- Its Past, Its FutureObjectivesName the three Nobel Prize winners whose research work involved muscle or muscular exerciseDescribe the role of the Harvard Fatigue Laboratory in the history of exercise physiology in United StatesDescribe factors influencing physical fitness in the United States over the past centuryEuropean HeritageThree physiologists received the Nobel Prize for work related to muscle or muscular exercise– A.V. Hill: Heat production during muscle contraction and recoveryTerms – Steady state oxygen uptake– Maximal oxygen uptake– Otto Meyerhof: relationship of O2consumption and lactic acid in muscle– August Krogh: Function of the capillary circulationEuropean ScientistsHaldane– Pioneered work in the role of oxygen and lactic acid in the control of breathing during exercise.European ScientistsScholander– Developed a chemical gas analyzer– Oxygen– Carbon dioxide– 30 min/sampleEuropean ScientistsDouglas– Douglas bag– Weather balloonsHarvard Fatigue LaboratoryFocal point in the development of exercise physiology in the United States– D.B. Dill directed the lab from its opening in 1927 to its closing in 1947Research in exercise and environmental physiology – Basis of much of what we know todayResearch AreasMetabolism– Maximal oxygen uptakeEnvironmental physiology– Altitude, heat, coldAgingAcid-base balanceNutritionPhysical fitnessPhysical FitnessA popular topic todayPossible careers:– Physical Education– Physiology of Exercise– Health Education– Nutrition– Physical Therapy– Athletic Training– Cardiac Rehabilitation– MedicineCivil War until the First World War (WWI)Physical education primarily concerned with fitnessMany physical education leaders were trained in medicineDr. Dudley Sargent, hired by Harvard in 1879– Set up physical training programs with individual exercise prescriptionsWorld War I (WWI) &World War II (WWII)Large numbers of draftees failed the induction exams due to mental and physical defectsPhysical programs began to resemble pre-military training programs1950’sAutopsies of young soldiers of Korean War – showed significant coronary artery disease has already developedHans Kraus – American vs European children – Poor performance on muscular fitness test1955, President’s Council on Youth Fitness1957, developed AAHPERD Youth Fitness TestDuring Kennedy’s Term“The Soft American”Council’s name changed to the “President’s Council on Physical Fitness”Nixon administration changed it to the current name “President’s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports”Research Laboratories1950 Survey– 16 colleges had research laboratories in PE Dept1966– 151 colleges/universities with research facilities1960’s– Heart disease problem– Not infectious diseasesProfessional SocietiesPre 1950– American Physiological Society– American Association of Health, Physical Education and Recreation1938 National Athletic Training Association (NATA)1954– American College of Sports MedicineMedicine and Science in Sports and ExerciseACSMFounded in Madison, WI– Indianapolis, INMembership– Student $80– Professional $190– Medicine and Science in Sport and ExerciseAlliance of Health Fitness Professionals– Student $50– Professional $90– Health & Fitness JournalACSMRegional Chapters– Student $15– Professional $30Certifications– Health Fitness Instructor (HFI)– Exercise Specialist– Registered Clinical Exercise Physiologist– Exercise Test Technologist– Group Exercise LeaderACSMTexas Chapter meeting– FebruaryNational Meeting– Last week in MayAcsm.orgAAHPERDPeriodicals–JOPERD– Update – newsletter– Health Education– Research Quarterly for Exercise and SportsNational Convention (April 1 + 2 weeks)www.aahperd.orgAmerican Alliance of Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance (AAHPERD)Professional Student$125 $45 Update +1$150 $70 Update +2$175 $95 Update +3TerminologySports Medicine– Combination of sport and exercise scienceExercise science– Describes and explains what occurs with physical activity and sportExercise ScienceExercise physiologyMotor ControlBiomechanicsSport psychologySport sociologyNeuroscienceExercise biochemistryClinical ScienceAthletic trainingOrthopedic surgeryPodiatryNutritionCardiology and cardiac rehabExercise prescriptionSocieties since 1980Association for Worksite Health PromotionAmerican Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary RehabilitationNational Strength and Conditioning Association