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Carpenter,Context-Recall TaskMotor Cortical Encoding of Serial Order in a www.sciencemag.org (this information is current as of January 7, 2007 ):The following resources related to this article are available online at http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/283/5408/1752version of this article at: including high-resolution figures, can be found in the onlineUpdated information and services, http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/283/5408/1752#otherarticles, 8 of which can be accessed for free: cites 20 articlesThis article 76 article(s) on the ISI Web of Science. cited byThis article has been http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/283/5408/1752#otherarticles 25 articles hosted by HighWire Press; see: cited byThis article has been http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/collection/neuroscienceNeuroscience : subject collectionsThis article appears in the following http://www.sciencemag.org/help/about/permissions.dtl in whole or in part can be found at: this articlepermission to reproduce of this article or about obtaining reprintsInformation about obtaining registered trademark of AAAS. c 2006 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science; all rights reserved. The title SCIENCE is a CopyrightAmerican Association for the Advancement of Science, 1200 New York Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20005. Science (print ISSN 0036-8075; online ISSN 1095-9203) is published weekly, except the last week in December, by the on January 7, 2007 www.sciencemag.orgDownloaded fromThursz et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 332, 1065 (1995); A. V.Hill et al., Nature 352, 595 (1991).12. B. F. Haynes, G. Pantaleo, A. S. Fauci, Science 271,324 (1996); S. Rowland-Jones, R. Tan, A. McMichael,Adv. Immunol. 65, 277 (1997).13. R. Detels et al., J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 12,1263 (1994).14. J. M. Coffin, Science 267, 483 (1995); A. J. LeighBrown and E. C. Holmes, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 25,127 (1994); J. M. McNicholl, D. K. Smith, S. H. Qari, T.Hodge, Emerg. Infect. Dis. 3, 261 (1997).15. M. Dean et al., Science 273, 1856 (1996); M. W.Smith et al., ibid. 277, 959 (1997); C. Winkler et al.,ibid. 279, 389 (1998); M. Martin et al., ibid. 282,1907 (1998).16. J. J. Just, Hum. 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Associations with AIDS-1987 progressionwere not significant (P . 0.05, uncorrected) exceptfor in Caucasians B*35 (RH 5 2.34, P 5 2x1026),Cw*04 (2.41,2x1027), and Cw*12 (0.61, 0.03); andin African Americans A*29 (3.96, 0.01), B*27 (6.86,0.01), and B*41 (3.89, 0.03). All associations exceptB*35 and Cw*04 were not significant (P . 0.3) aftercorrection for multiple comparisons. Neither B*35nor Cw*04 displayed significant acceleration to AIDSendpoints among 144 African Americans. Althoughthis failure may involve smaller sample size or thefact that the principal African American cohort,ALIVE, is younger and may not include sufficient AIDScases (N 5 37) (21), it is possible that the differentialeffect represents either different B*35 or Cw*04alleles represented by African compared with Cau-casian alleles or ethnic group differences in linkagedisequilibrium for the B and C alleles. For example,Cw*04 and B*53 are associated by strong linkagedisequilibrium in African Americans, whereasCw*04 and B*35 are associated in Caucasians.Resolution of this discrepancy in examined Africanor African American AIDS cohorts may help resolvethis question.29. M. L. Levin, Acta Unio Int. Contra Cancrum 9, 531(1953).30. M. J. Khoury, T. H. Beaty, B. H. Cohen, Fundamental ofGenetic Epidemiology. Monographs in Epidemiologyand Biostatistics (Oxford Univ. Press, New York,1993).31. Because two Caucasian cohorts, MHCS and SFCC, arenonrandomly depleted of rapid progressors [S. M.Donfield, H. S. Lynn, M. W. Hilgartner, Science 280,1819 (1998); M. W. Smith, M. Dean, M. Carrington, C.Winkler, S. J. O’Brien, ibid., p. 1819; M. W. Smith etal., Nature Med. 3, 1052 (1997)] and because ALIVE is94% African American (15, 21), we also computedthe attributable fraction (AF) for surviving 10 or moreyears AIDS free from the 197 Caucasian MACS sero-converters that have no such bias in ethnic or survivalrepresentation. This analysis indicated a higher at-tributable fraction for HLA class I homozygosity(AF 5 70%, 47%, and 37% for AIDS-1993, AIDS-1987, and death, respectively), for the sum of B*35/Cw*04 sensitive genotypes (AF 5 61%, 62%, and66%, respectively) and for HLA class I homozygosityplus B*35/Cw*04 sensitivity combined (AF 5 62%,50%, and 50%, respectively).32. E. S. Rosenberg et al., Science 278, 1447 (1997); O. O.Yang et al., J.