Slide 1ANNOUNCEMENTSSPECIES INTERACTIONSSlide 4SPECIES INTERACTIONS: COMMENSALISMSPECIES INTERACTIONS: MUTALISMSlide 7Slide 8SPECIES INTERACTIONS: COMPETITIONSPECIES INTERACTIONS: COMPETITIONSPECIES INTERACTIONS: COMPETITIONSlide 12Slide 13SPECIES INTERACTIONS: COMPETITIONSlide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21SPECIES INTERACTIONS: PARASITISMSlide 23Slide 24SPECIES INTERACTIONS: PARASITISMSlide 26Slide 27Slide 28SPECIES INTERACTIONS: PREDATIONSlide 30Slide 31Slide 32Slide 33Slide 34Slide 35Slide 36Slide 37Slide 38SPECIES INTERACTIONS: PREDATIONSlide 40Slide 41SPECIES INTERACTIONSANNOUNCEMENTS•Exam 3 is Tues. Dec 11th during lecture–Practice Exam 3 will be posted on Wed.–Exam Review will take place in class Thurs.•Final Exam is Thurs. Dec 13th, 1 – 3 PM–Study material from previous hourly exams–Apply what you know. Don’t memorize!SPECIES INTERACTIONSPopulations Do Not Exist in Isolation!–Populations are tightly linked to other populations that share the same habitatSPECIES INTERACTIONSTypes of Interactions Between Species:•Neutral relationships •Commensalisms •Mutualism •Competition •Parasitism •PredationSPECIES INTERACTIONS: COMMENSALISMCommensalism:SPECIES INTERACTIONS: MUTALISMMutualism:•Obligatory Mutualism:Yucca Plant and Yucca Moth:» Plant only pollinated by yucca moth » Moth larva can only grow in yucca plantSPECIES INTERACTIONS: MUTALISMMutualism between fishSPECIES INTERACTIONS: MUTALISMSPECIES INTERACTIONS: COMPETITIONInterspecific Competition:–Two outcomes:SPECIES INTERACTIONS: COMPETITIONIntraspecific Competition:Interspecific Competition:SPECIES INTERACTIONS: COMPETITION Competitive Exclusion:One Species Eats Seeds of One Size RangeNumber consumedSeed size SPECIES INTERACTIONS: COMPETITIONComplete Niche OverlapSpecies 1: Strong competitorSpecies 2: Weak competitor Number consumedSeed size SPECIES INTERACTIONS: COMPETITIONSPECIES INTERACTIONS: COMPETITIONCoexistence:Partial Niche Overlap: competition for seeds of intermediate sizeSpecies 1Species 2Number consumedSeed sizeSPECIES INTERACTIONS: COMPETITIONCompetition occurs when organisms compete for the same resources. These trees are competing for nitrogen and other nutrients. SPECIES INTERACTIONS: COMPETITIONCompetition occurs when individuals occupy space and prevent access to resources by other individuals. The space preempted by these barnacles is unavailable to competitors. SPECIES INTERACTIONS: COMPETITIONCompetition occurs when an organism grows over another, blocking access to resources. This large fern has overgrown other individuals and is shading them. SPECIES INTERACTIONS: COMPETITIONCompetition occurs when one species produces toxins that negatively affect another. Note how few plants are growing under these Salvia shrubs. SPECIES INTERACTIONS: COMPETITIONCompetition occurs when mobile organisms protect feeding or breeding territory. These red-winged blackbirds are displaying to each other at a territorial boundary. SPECIES INTERACTIONS: COMPETITIONCompetition occurs when organisms interfere with each other’s access to specific resources. Here, spotted hyenas and vultures fight over a kill. SPECIES INTERACTIONS: COMPETITIONSPECIES INTERACTIONS: PARASITISMParasitism:Deformed frog limbs due to parasitic infection by TrematodesAdult roundworms in the intestine of a pigSPECIES INTERACTIONS: PARASITISM833 µmSPECIES INTERACTIONS: PARASITISMBlood flukein the intestine of a humanSPECIES INTERACTIONS: PARASITISM Social Parasites:SPECIES INTERACTIONS: PREDATION Predator – Prey Interactions: Prey: Predator:BABOON PREY POPULATIONLEOPARD PREDATOR POPULATIONPredators can regulate prey populations and/or reducethem below carrying capacitySPECIES INTERACTIONS: PREDATIONCanadian lynx & Snowshoe HareSPECIES INTERACTIONS: PREDATIONSPECIES INTERACTIONS: PREDATIONCo evolution of Predator and Prey Has Resulted inIncredible Adaptations:SPECIES INTERACTIONS: PREDATIONCamouflage:DESERT PLANT LOOKS LIKE ROCKCATERPILLAR LOOKS LIKE DROPPINGSLEASTBITTERNLOOKSLIKE REEDSSPECIES INTERACTIONS: PREDATIONPREY CAMOUFLAGESPECIES INTERACTIONS: PREDATIONPREY CAMOUFLAGESPECIES INTERACTIONS: PREDATIONMimicry:INEDIBLE BUTTERFLY(LEFT) IS A MODEL FOR ITS EDIBLE MIMIC (RIGHT) STINGING YELLOWJACKET (LEFT) IS MODEL FOR NONSTINGING and EDIBLE INSECTS (RIGHT)SPECIES INTERACTIONS: PREDATIONMIMICRYSPECIES INTERACTIONS: PREDATIONMIMICRYSPECIES INTERACTIONS: PREDATIONWarning Coloration: Poison Dart FrogSPECIES INTERACTIONS: PREDATIONMethods to Counter Prey Defense:PRAYING MANTIS (PREDATOR)CAMOFLAGUED IN PLANTGRASSHOPPERMICE PLUNGECHEMICAL-SPRAYING END OF BEETLE INTO THE GROUND BEFORE EATING ITSPECIES INTERACTIONS: PREDATION PREDATOR