Chapter 9: The Tower of BabelObjectivesWhy Babel?Procedural LanguagesFORTRANFORTRAN (continued)COBOLCOBOL (continued)Slide 9C/C++C/C++ (continued)Slide 12Slide 13AdaAda (continued)C# and .NETC# and .NET (continued)Slide 18Special-Purpose LanguagesSQLHTMLHTML (continued)Slide 23Slide 24Slide 25JavaScriptAlternative Programming ParadigmsAlternative Programming Paradigms (continued)Slide 29Functional ProgrammingFunctional Programming (continued)Slide 32Slide 33Logic ProgrammingLogic Programming (continued)Slide 36Slide 37Slide 38Slide 39Parallel ProgrammingParallel Programming (continued)Slide 42SummarySummary (continued)Chapter 9: The Tower of BabelInvitation to Computer Science,Java Version, Third EditionInvitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition2ObjectivesIn this chapter, you will learn aboutProcedural languagesSpecial-purpose languagesAlternative programming paradigmsInvitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition3Why Babel?Multiple programming languagesEach language designed for specific needsOne language may be better suited than others for writing certain kinds of programsInvitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition4Procedural LanguagesAlso called imperative languagesA program consists of sequences of statements that manipulate data itemsThe programmer devises the step-by-step sequence of “imperative commands”Invitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition5FORTRANFORTRAN derives from FORmula TRANslationDeveloped in the mid-1950s by a group at IBM headed by John BackusFirst high-level programming languageRemains an effective language for engineering applicationsInvitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition6FORTRAN (continued)Designed for numerical computationsAllows concise mathematical notation and a number of mathematical functionsAnother goal: Optimize the object codeExternal libraries of code modules that are separately compiled and used by a programInvitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition7COBOLCOBOL derives from COmmon Business-Oriented L anguageDeveloped in 1959-1960 by a group headed by Grace Hopper of the U.S. NavyDesigned to serve business needs such as managing inventories and payrollsBetter for file input than keyboard inputInvitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition8COBOL (continued)Much of a COBOL program may be concerned with formattingDescribed by “PICTURE clauses” in the programCOBOL programsMore verbose than other languagesHighly portableInvitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition9COBOL (continued)COBOL programsEasy to readWell-suited for manipulating large data filesStill the most widely used languageInvitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition10C/C++CDeveloped in the early 1970s by Dennis Ritchie at AT&T Bell LaboratoriesOriginally designed for systems programming (UNIX)Most widely used language for system software Also used for general-purpose computingInvitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition11C/C++ (continued)Why is C so popular?Relationship between C and UNIXC’s efficiencyC is close to assembly languageHas high-level statementsPortabilityInvitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition12Figure 9.1User Hardware Interface and Programming LanguagesInvitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition13C/C++ (continued)C++Developed in the early 1980s by Bjarne Stroustrup at AT&T Bell LaboratoriesA “superset” of CA popular “industrial-strength” language because of StandardizationObject-orientationA strong collection of library codeInvitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition14AdaMid-1970s: Branches of the U.S. armed services started to develop a common high-level programming language1979: Winner of design competitionAda 95 Reference ManualCurrent international standard existsInvitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition15Ada (continued)AdaProvides multiprocessing capabilityStrongly object-orientedStill used today inTransportation industrySafety monitoring systems at nuclear reactorsFinancial and communication systemsInvitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition16C# and .NETC#Introduced in June 2000Many improvements in safe usage over C++Shares many features with JavaInvitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition17C# and .NET (continued)Microsoft .NET FrameworkSupports C# and other languagesFacilitates ease of developmentTraditional text-based applicationsGUI applicationsWeb-based programsInvitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition18C# and .NET (continued).NET programs are highly portable.NET programs are compiled into Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL)MSIL is not tied to any particular platformJust In Time compiler or JITCompiles MSIL code into object code on the user’s machineInvitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition19Special-Purpose LanguagesDesigned for one specialized taskExamplesSQLHTMLJavaScriptInvitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition20SQLSQL: Structured Query LanguageA database stores dataDatabases can be queried: The user can pose questions to the databaseSQL is the language used to frame database queriesInvitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition21HTMLHTML: HyperText Markup LanguageHTML is the language used to create HTML documentsWeb pageAn HTML document viewed with Web browser softwareInvitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition22HTML (continued)An HTML documentConsists of text displayed on the Web page and tagsTags are special charactersFormattingSpecial effectsReferences to other HTML documentsInvitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition23Figure 9.4HTML Code for a Web PageInvitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition24Figure 9.5Body of the Web Page Generated by Figure 9.4Invitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition25Figure 9.6Some HTML TagsInvitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition26JavaScriptJavaScript is a scripting languageScripting languageA “lightweight” language that is Interpreted (translated/executed statement by statement)Code fragments can be embedded in