History of Sex ResearchGreeks to 1800Greeks to 1900Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Homosexuality & Sex ResearchMagnus HirschfeldHavelock EllisSigmund FreudSex in AmericaSlide 12Slide 13Alfred KinseyWilliam Masters & Virginia JohnsonContraceptionHistory of Sex ResearchGreeks to 1800•Early knowledge gained from watching animals•400 B.C. Aristotle, “History of Animals, Parts of Animals, and Generation of Animals,” –foundation of western sexology–developed classification system: reproduction by sexual, asexual, and spontaneous generation•During this period, believed male contributed the seed, the woman brought to fruition.•Plato - wandering uterus causes hysteria in womenGreeks to 1900•1600: Vesalius –discounted wandering uterus theory–female anatomy still misunderstood•1653 William Harvey: discovered importance of female egg to reproduction by studying animals•1678 Anton van Leeuwenhoek –used early microscope to identify sperm as “seed”–compared healthy/unhealthy men–sperm survived longer in warm environment–coined term: “spermatozoa”–reasserted idea of male supremacy in reproduction•1873 Eduard van Beneden: fertilization the result of two half sets of chromosomes joining to form full setGreeks to 1800•354-430 St. Augustine - ideal Christian life one of celibacy•1668-1738 Dutch, Hermann Boehaave, “Institutiones Medicae” - “rash expenditure of semen brought on a lassitude, a feebleness, a weakening of motion, fits, wasting, dryness, fevers, aching of the cerebral membranes, obscuring of the senses, and above all the eyes, a decay of the spinal chord, a fatuity, and other like evils.”•all non-procreative sex “dangerous” - fornication better than masturbation•Doctors expected to give medical advice about sexuality–infertility not understood–sexual activity potentially dangerous•Protestants & Puritans: sex within marriage a source of pleasureGreeks to 1900•One physician published case history: –“the husband had the fatal habit of applying the tongue and lips to his wife’s genitals to provoke in her venereal orgasm.”–believed woman’s life may be in danger–husband may develop cancer of the tongueGreeks to 1800•Women must be careful not to enjoy sex–women expected to be maternal, not sexual–diseased women had “excessive animal passion”•Elizabeth Osgood Goodrich Willard–coined term “sexology”–“humankind must stop the waste of energy through the sexual organs, if we would have health and strength of body. Just as sure as that the excessive abuse of the sexual organs destroy their power and use, producing inflammation, disease, and corruption, just so sure it it that a less amount of abuse in the same relative proportion, injures the parental function of the organs and impairs the health and strength of the whole system. Abnormal action is abuse.”•Preventative measures:–perforated foreskin of the penis–applied ointments that severely increased sensitivity–applied hot irons to the inner thighsHomosexuality & Sex Research•1825 Karl Ulrichs: –argued that homosexual men had “female element” -> homosexual activity acceptable–argued homosexuality was congenital•1840-1902 Krafft-Ebing:–viewed sexual behavior as pathological–“Psychopathia Sexualis” - coined terms for homosexuality, fetishism, sadism, masochism–Sadism - named after Marquis de Sade–Masochism - named after Leopold von Sacher-Masoch •1857-1911 Alfred Binet:–emphasized early childhood experience•1854-1900 Oscar Wilde: prosecution for homosexuality brought widespread public attention•1821-1890 Richard Burton: translated the Kama SutraMagnus Hirschfeld•Early sexuality researcher•Homosexual & transvestite•Argued that most people born bisexual•Conducted sex surveys•1903: Reported 2.2 % homosexual•Proposed that “secretions” responsible for sexual feelings (endocrinology)•1921: helped organize the International Conference of Sexual Reform Based on Sexual Science - importance of “secretions” discussedHavelock Ellis•Sex reformer•1896-1928 Studies in the Psychology of Sex - individual and cultural relativism w/ sex•Believed deviations from normal were harmless•Believed sexual experimentation part of adolescence•Believed homosexuality was genetic, bisexuality the norm•Non-scientific methods - used second hand accounts - used historical and cross-cultural data•Argued for greater contraceptive information, marriage reform, rights for women and minoritiesSigmund Freud•Sex researcher and reformer•Studied physiology and medicine•Early theories:–anxiety the result of masturbation–nocturnal emissions dangerous•Later theories/beliefs:–every neurosis had a specific sexual cause–dreams are disguised fulfillment of unconscious sexual desires–children have sexual feelings–developed the theory of the Oedipus complex–all people bisexual–perverse sexual drives commonSex in America•Many early sex researchers were women•Early research inspired by concerns about prostitution, pornography, sexually transmitted diseases, alcoholism, women’s rights, and the role of “virtuous” women.•Clelia Mosher (1863-1940) - professor at Stanford 1910–surveyed married women (48 subjects)–ignorance about sex upon marriage the norm–35 reported sexual desire–34 reported experiencing orgasms–absence of orgasm “bad, even disastrous, nerve wracking”–findings published in 1974Sex in America•Robert Latou Dickinson (1861-1950)–significant contribution to female sexuality–first wide scale data base: compiled data on 5,000 cases•broad range of data - physical drawings, self-report •longitudinal data–Findings:•married women masturbated more than single women•frequency of intercourse: 2-3 /week in married sample, 11% once a year or less–first to examine female sexual response•examined women as they masturbated to orgasm•demonstrated that female orgasm also involved physiological changesSex in America•Katharine Bement Davis (1860-1935)–on board of the Bureau of Social Hygiene–Warden at a reformatory for women, primarily prostitutes–advocated assessment of prostitutes prior to sentencing–1912: laboratory formed to study prostitutes –later involved in the study of sexuality in women in general•subjects drawn from women’s colleges•findings:–71% reported sex before marriage–9.3% reported having at least 1 abortion•Bureau of