Introduction to JavaIntroductionWhy Java?Applets, Servlets and ApplicationsBuilding Standalone JAVA Programs (on UNIX)Java Virtual MachineHelloWorld (standalone)Comments are almost like C++Primitive data types are like CExpressions are like CControl statements are like CControl statements IIJava isn't C!Java program layoutWhat is a class?So, what is a class?Name conventionsThe class hierarchyAn example of a classAnother example of a classCreating and using an objectAn array is an objectIntroduction to JavaCS 331Introduction •Present the syntax of Java•Introduce the Java API•Demonstrate how to build –stand-alone Java programs–Java applets, which run within browsers e.g. Netscape•Example programsWhy Java?•It’s the current “hot” language•It’s almost entirely object-oriented•It has a vast library of predefined objects and operations•It’s more platform independent–this makes it great for Web programming•It’s more secure•It isn’t C++Applets, Servlets and Applications•An applet is designed to be embedded in a Web page, and run by a browser•Applets run in a sandbox with numerous restrictions; for example, they can’t read files and then use the network•A servlet is designed to be run by a web server•An application is a conventional programBuilding Standalone JAVA Programs (on UNIX)•Prepare the file foo.java using an editor•Invoke the compiler: javac foo.java•This creates foo.class•Run the java interpreter: java fooJava Virtual Machine•The .class files generated by the compiler are not executable binaries–so Java combines compilation and interpretation•Instead, they contain “byte-codes” to be executed by the Java Virtual Machine–other languages have done this, e.g. UCSD Pascal•This approach provides platform independence, and greater securityHelloWorld (standalone)public class HelloWorld { public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println("Hello World!"); }}•Note that String is built in•println is a member function for the System.out classComments are almost like C++•/* This kind of comment can span multiple lines */•// This kind is to the end of the line•/** * This kind of comment is a special * ‘javadoc’ style comment */Primitive data types are like C•Main data types are int, double, boolean, char•Also have byte, short, long, float•boolean has values true and false•Declarations look like C, for example,–double x, y;–int count = 0;Expressions are like C•Assignment statements mostly look like those in C; you can use =, +=, *= etc.•Arithmetic uses the familiar + - * / %•Java also has ++ and --•Java has boolean operators && || !•Java has comparisons < <= == != >= >•Java does not have pointers or pointer arithmeticControl statements are like C•if (x < y) smaller = x;•if (x < y){ smaller=x;sum += x;}else { smaller = y; sum += y; }•while (x < y) { y = y - x; }•do { y = y - x; } while (x < y)•for (int i = 0; i < max; i++) sum += i;•BUT: conditions must be boolean !Control statements II•Java also introduces the try statement, about which more laterswitch (n + 1) { case 0: m = n - 1; break; case 1: m = n + 1; case 3: m = m * n; break; default: m = -n; break;}Java isn't C!•In C, almost everything is in functions•In Java, almost everything is in classes•There is often only one class per file•There must be only one public class per file•The file name must be the same as the name of that public class, but with a .java extensionJava program layout•A typical Java file looks like:import java.awt.*;import java.util.*;public class SomethingOrOther { // object definitions go here . . .}This must be in a file named SomethingOrOther.java !What is a class?•Early languages had only arrays–all elements had to be of the same type•Then languages introduced structures (called records, or structs)–allowed different data types to be grouped•Then Abstract Data Types (ADTs) became popular–grouped operations along with the dataSo, what is a class?•A class consists of–a collection of fields, or variables, very much like the named fields of a struct –all the operations (called methods) that can be performed on those fields–can be instantiated•A class describes objects and operations defined on those objectsName conventions•Java is case-sensitive; maxval, maxVal, and MaxVal are three different names•Class names begin with a capital letter•All other names begin with a lowercase letter•Subsequent words are capitalized: theBigOne•Underscores are not used in names•These are very strong conventions!The class hierarchy•Classes are arranged in a hierarchy•The root, or topmost, class is Object•Every class but Object has at least one superclass•A class may have subclasses•Each class inherits all the fields and methods of its (possibly numerous) superclassesAn example of a classclass Person { String name; int age; void birthday ( ) { age++; System.out.println (name + ' is now ' + age); }}Another example of a classclass Driver extends Person { long driversLicenseNumber; Date expirationDate;}Creating and using an object•Person john;john = new Person ( );john.name = "John Smith";john.age = 37;•Person mary = new Person ( );mary.name = "Mary Brown";mary.age = 33;mary.birthday ( );An array is an object•Person mary = new Person ( );•int myArray[ ] = new int[5];–or:•int myArray[ ] = {1, 4, 9, 16, 25};•String languages [ ] = {"Prolog",
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