1 Biology 4361 Name:__________________ Exam 2 ID:_____________________ November 8, 2007 Multiple choice (one point each; indicate the best answer) 1. In the early frog embryo brain tissue induces epidermal ectoderm to become the a. lens placode. b. forebrain c. optic cup d. neural tube. 2. If certain mesoderm cells contain a transcription factor called Indo7, they are able to respond to inductive signals from adjacent endoderm cells. Indo7 is called a a. response element. b. signal transducer. c. competence factor. d. none of the above 3. In most mesenchyme/epithelial inductions, a. mesenchyme plays an instructive role. b. epithelia plays an instructive role. c. neither usually plays an instructive role. d. none of the above. 4. Which of the following are paracrine factors? a. Disheveled, GSK3, GBP b. Notch, Frizzeled, ERK c. FGF, Hedgehog, Wnt d. Patched, Smoothened, Slimb 5. Genes such as Ras and Raf, which are mutated in many cancer cells, are called a. teratogens b. oncogens c. carcinogens d. proto-oncogenes 6. Mammal and amphibian eggs undergo meiotic arrest at the a. primary oocyte stage. b. first metaphase stage. c. second metaphase stage. d. none of the above 7. Chemoattraction between eggs and sperm occurs a. rarely. b. only in invertebrates. c. only in vertebrates. d. commonly.2 8. Resact binding to sea urchin sperm results in a. reduced guanylyl cyclase activity. b. calcium channel activation. c. a decrease in intracellular calcium concentration. d. all of the above 9. In sea urchin egg-sperm interaction; choose the right order: a. chemoattraction, sperm binding, acrosomal process extension, acrosome reaction. b. acrosomal process extension, acrosome reaction, sperm binding, chemoattraction. c. acrosome reaction, acrosomal process extension, chemoattraction, sperm binding. d. chemoattraction, acrosome reaction, acrosomal process extension, sperm binding. 10. Sea urchin eggs contain about __________ cortical granules. a. 15 b. 150 c. 1,500 d. 15,000 11. The enzyme that powers sperm motility is called a. phosphatase b. phosphodiesterase c. protein kinase d. dynein ATPase 12. What is the fate of the sperm mitochondria after fertilization? a. They blend in with the egg mitochondria. b. They replace the egg mitochondria. c. They replicate, but constitute a minor portion of the total mitochondria. d. They are degraded. 13. As part of the mammalian cortical granule reaction a. ZP2 is modified b. ZP3 is modified c. both a. and b. d. neither a. nor b. 14. Which belong together? a. tubulin, contractile ring, karyokinesis b. actin, contractile ring, karyokinesis c. tubulin, mitotic spindle, karyokinesis d. tubulin, mitotic spindle, cytokinesis 15. Eggs with moderate amounts of yolk are termed a. isolecithal b. mesolecithal c. telolecithal d. centrolecithal3 16. Which cell movements most resemble each other? a. ingression, delamination b. involution, invagination c. intercalation, epiboly d. epiboly, ingression 17. In sea urchin blastula, which is NOT true: a. blastomeres are ciliated b. blastomeres adhere to the hyaline membrane c. vegetal blastomeres produce hatching enzymes d. blastocoel fills with proteinaceous fluid 18. The primitive gut formed during sea urchin gastrulation is called the a. archenteron. b. blastoceol. c. coelomic cavity. d. protocoelom. 19. In sea urchins Nodal is associated with a. oral fates b. left-right axis c. both a. and b. d. neither a. nor b. 20. In cleavage stage sea urchin embryos treated with lithium chloride, all blastomeres will become a. endoderm b. mesoderm c. ectoderm d. dead 21. Cortical rotation moves the cortex cytoplasm about a. 15º b. 30º c. 45º d. 60º 22. After the mid-blastula transition, one might expect embryonic DNA to be increasingly a. transcriptionally active. b. demethylated. c. both a. and b. d. neither a. nor b. 23. What is the first cell movement seen during amphibian gastrulation? a. dorsal lip involution. b. ectoderm epiboly. c. bottle cell ingression. d. vegetal rotation.4 24. In amphibians, the major induction activities that take place during gastrulation occur a. between the vegetal pole endoderm and mesoderm. b. at the dorsal lip of the blastopore. c. on the inner face of the ectoderm. d. during epiboly. 25. In normal vertebrate development Nodal is expressed a. throughout the embryo. b. on the right side. c. on the left side. d. in the heart only. True / False (one point each) 26. In the juxtacrine signaling Notch system, Delta remains on the signaling cell. True / False 27. Restoration of the mitotic cell cycle is considered an early egg activation event. True / False 28. At the point of fertilization, mammalian eggs have 3 polar bodies. True / False 29. The mammalian zona pellucida is synthesized by the follicle cells. True / False 30. Kinases are enzymes that add a phosphate group to proteins. True / False 31. In amphibian embryos, the first cleavage is meridional. True / False 32. Autocrine signals operate by diffusing through several cell layers. True / False 33. Sea urchin egg cytoplasm contains low sodium and high potassium. True / False 34. In sea urchins, spicules are derived from skeletogenic mesoderm. True / False 35. Amphibian Vg1 specifies mesoderm. True / False 36. Mammalian sperm motility is crucial to move sperm into the uterus. True / False 37. Inductive interactions that allow a pre-programmed response are termed permissive. True / False 38. Sea urchin acrosomal enzymes digest the vitelline envelope. True / False 39. Areas of the amphibian embryo that are high in VegT and Vg1 and low in Nodal will likely form the organizer. True / False5 Fill in (one point per answer) Use the terms from the Term Bank to make the most accurate sentence. Terms may be used more than once. Term Bank adaptor protein ERK MITF ADP FGF phosphorylate ATP GAP proteolysis autophosphorylates GDP Ras cleaves GTP Raf CPB hormone receptor degrade kinases RNA polymerase dimerize ligand TGF-β enzyme MEK transcription factors 40 – 56. In the receptor tyrosine kinase signal transduction pathway a ____________________, such as a member of the