Page 1Page 2Page 3Page 4Page 5Page 6Page 71Biology 4361 Name:___KEY______________Exam 1 ID#: ____________________October 1, 2006Multiple choice (one point each)1. The formation of new structures in chick embryogenesis is an example ofa. teratology.b. epigenesis.c. hybridization.d. preformation.2. A term referring to something that makes up a formative unit of living matter is a. blast.b. germ.c. derm.d. medial.3. Which of the following is not included in von Baer’s laws:a. General features appear earlier than specialized features.b. Specialized features always develop from more general features.c. Developing embryos pass through the adult stages of lower animals.d. None of the above; they are all included in von Baer’s laws.4. In general, the mesoderm formsa. muscle, connective tissue, bones.b. epidermis of the skin, central nervous system.c. epithelium of the digestive tract.d. all of the above.5. Transplantation experiments involving removal of tissue and placement in another location are calleda. heterospecificb. homospecificc. heterochronicd. none of the above.6. The process by which embryonic cells to form distinct cell layers is calleda. cleavage.b. histogenesis.c. organogenesis.d. gastrulation.7. The meiotic stage during which chromosomes undergo homologous recombination is calleda. prophase Ib. metaphase Ic. anaphase Id. metaphase II29. Prior to the first cleavage, the fertilized vertebrate egg can be expected to undergoa. expulsion of the polar body.b. completion of meiosis.c. cytoplasmic rearrangement.d. all of the above.8. The chemotactic signal used by Dictyostelium for aggregation is a. adenosine monophosphateb. cyclic adenosine monophosphatec. adenosine triphosphated. cyclic adenosine triphosphate10. Cutting the Dictyostelium pseudoplasmodium in half eventually results in two fruiting bodies. This result demonstratesa. variant developmentb. invariant developmentc. linear developmentd. regulative development11. Sea urchin cleavage is described as a. holoblastic bilateral.b. meroblastic bilateral.c. holoblastic radial.d. meroblastic radial.12. In sea urchin eggs, the first, second, and third cleavages area. meridional, equatorial, meridional.b. equatorial, equatorial, meridional.c. meridional, meridional, equatorial.d. equatorial, meridional, meridional.13. Echinoderms are ___________, therefore the mouth is the ________ opening formed during development.a. protostomes, firstb. protostomes, secondc. deuterostomes, firstd. deuterostomes, second14. Organisms that can respond to environmental changes with changes in color or form demonstratea. polyploidy.b. pluriploidy.c. seasonality.d. polyphenism.315. Developing at 28°C, most alligators would be expected to bea. male.b. female.c. cold.d. angry.16. If you transplanted embryonic cells from the leg area to the back area, but they still developed into leg structures, the original cells must have been a. determined.b. determined, but not specified.c. specified, but not determined.d. none of the above.17. Most invertebrates undergoa. autonomous specification.b. mosaic development.c. invariant cleavage.d. all of the above.18. In most invertebrates, loss of an individual blastomere results in a. loss of structures that would derive from that blastomere.b. no loss of structures, since other blastomeres will fill in for the loss.c. partial loss of structures, since some blastomeres are only pluripotent.d. loss of structures early, but compensation by other blastomeres in later stages.19. After cellularization, Drosophila embryos undergo a. invariant specification.b. conditional specification.c. mosaic development.d. all of the above.20. The strength of cadherin binding can be controlled by a. catenin binding.b. phosphorylation.c. calcium ions.d. none of the above.21. The principle of genomic equivalence states thata. DNAs of all differentiated cells are identical.b. all differentiated cells originate as pluripotent stem cells.c. with few exceptions (gametes, differentiated red blood cells) all nuclei carry a diploidchromosome number throughout their lives.d. none of the above.422. Antisense RNA inhibits expression through a. complementary binding.b. the RISC complex.c. the Dicer nuclease.d. all of the above.23. A transcription factor that increased the amount of histone acetyltransferase activity at the promoter would probably a. repress transcription. b. activate transcription. c. allow inhibition.d. have no effect on transcription.24. Histone methylation _________ transcription. DNA methylation _________ transcription.a. increases, decreasesb. increases, increasesc. decreases, increasesd. decreases, decreases25. Enhancers affect transcription by a. remodeling chromatin to expose the promoter.b. making RNA polymerase II more efficient.c. preventing repressors from binding to the promoter.d. none of the above.True / False (1 point each)26. The process of forming cells and tissues is called morphogenesis. ___ T27. Cleavage can be described as cell division followed by cell growth. ___ F28. Epithelial cells are often found in sheets with many intracellular connections. ___ T29. A syncytium is a cell that undergoes nuclear division without cell division. ___ T30. In embryos with conditional specification, cell rearrangements take place after specification. F31. Mammalian embryonic stem cells are produced by culturing the trophoblast. ___ F32. Morpholino-antisense oligomers degrade quickly, and are used to study transient events. F33. About half of all vertebrate genes are regulated by enhancers. ___ F34. Enhancer sequences are capable of binding multiple proteins. ___ T35. Some enhancers repress transcription. ___ T5Matching (1 point each) Make the best connection.36. __I_ basic helix-loop-helix a. actin37. __a_ catenin b. alkaline phosphatase label38. __c_ cellular blastoderm c. Drosophila39. __j_ electroporation d. homologous recombination40. __d_ gene knockouts e. morphogen gradient41. __b_ in situ hybridization f. mycosporine-like amino acids42. __h_ oligonucleotide primers g. retroviruses43. __g_ RNAi h. RT-PCR44. __e_ source/sink I. transcription factor45. __f_ UV radiation j. transgenic productionShort Answer. (5 points each; answer any 5)46. Describe the structure of reporter genes. (2 parts; 3 pts, 2 pts)Genes which contain their native