Blood vessels entering and exiting the heartBlood vessels of the coronary circulationCardiac cycle events – including arterial and ventricular systole and diastole, isovolumetric contraction, etc.Differences between cardiac and skeletal muscle contractionEDV and ESVElectrocardiogram – what each wave represents and what happens after each waveFactors affecting heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac outputFunction, structures, and pattern of depolarization in cardiac intrinsic conduction systemHeart valves: names, locations, and functionsIntercalated discs – structure and functionLayers of the wall of the heart – names, relative location, functionsLayers of the pericardium – relative locations and functionsLocation and orientation of the heart (including base and apex)Location, anatomy, and functions of the atria and ventriclesPattern of blood flow and gas exchange in pulmonary, systemic, and coronary circulationSystole and diastoleArteries: major types, location, functionBlood pressure: relationship to flow, resistance, cardiac output, and blood volumeCapillaries: structure of capillaries, structure and function of capillary bedsEffects of exercise on CO and BP: Figure 19.8Long-term renal regulation of blood pressureMajor arteries of the systemic circulation: Figure 19.21Major veins of the systemic circulation: Figure 19.26Peripheral resistance: definition, factors that affect itRegulation of blood pressure: baroreceptors, cardiovascular center, etc.Respiratory and muscular pumpShort-term hormonal controls over blood pressure – table 19.2Structure and function of blood vessel wallsSystemic blood pressure: systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, changes in blood pressure through systemic circuitVeins: structure, function, adaptations for venous returnAlveoli – structure (including all cells), function of alveoli and cells in alveoliConducting zone and respiratory zone: functions and structuresLarynx – structure and functionLungs – structure of right and left lungsPartial pressure gradients of oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the bodyPartial pressures of gases in alveoli and atmospherePleura: locations and functional properties of the parietal plura, visceral plura, pleural cavity, and pleural fluidPulmonary ventilation: what occurs during quiet inspiration and expiration and during forced/deep inspiration and expirationPressure changes during inspiration and expiration: volume changes, direction of air flow, inspiratory musclesRespiratory membrane – structure and functionRespiratory volumes (definitions): tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, etc.Structure of alveolar duct, alveolar sac, and alveoliTrachea – structure and locationTransport of respiratory gases – mechanismsVentilation-perfusion couplingExam II Topics Chapter 18 Blood vessels entering and exiting the heart - Delivery routes - Transport mechanism for the circulatory system - List of blood vessels entering and exiting the heart:o Superior vena cava o Right pulmonary veins o Small cardiac vein o Inferior vena cava o Left pulmonary veins - Right atrium receives blood from 3 major veins o Superior vena cava  Drains blood from the parts of the body superior to the diaphragm o Inferior vena cava  Drains blood from below the diaphragm o Coronary sinus  Drains blood from the heart - Left atrium o Receives blood from the lungs through 4 pulmonary veins Blood vessels of the coronary circulation - Heart has a separate circulation system = coronary circulation system o Is the shortest circulation system in the body - The left & right coronary arteries both arise from the base of the aortao Encircle the hear in the coronary sulcus o They provide the arterial supply of the coronary circulation - The left coronary artery o Runs toward the left side of the heart and divide into two major branches: Anterior interventricular artery: - Follows the anterior interventricular sulcus - Supplies blood to the interventricular septum & anterior walls of both ventricles  Circumflex artery - Supplies left atrium and the posterior walls of the left ventricle - Right coronary artery o Runs to the right side of the heart – has two branches Right marginal artery - Serves the myocardium of the lateral right side of the heart  Posterior interventricular artery- Runs to the apex & supplies the posterior ventricular walls - This artery merges with the anterior interventricular artery- Coronary veins o Pass through the capillary beds of the myocardiumo The venus blood is collected by the cardiac veins – path roughly follows those of the coronary arteries o The cardiac veins join to form an enlarged vessel: coronary sinus - which empties the blood into the right atrium  The sinus has 3 large tributaries: the great cardiac vein, the middle cardiac vein, and the small cardiac vein  Several anterior cardiac veins empty into the right atrium anteriorly Cardiac cycle events – including arterial and ventricular systole and diastole, isovolumetric contraction, etc.- The cardiac cycle – all the events that occur during 1 complete heart beat - Systole – contractiono Atrial systole and ventricular systole o P wave on an electrocardiogram  At the end of the P wave = atrial systole - Diastole – relaxation o Atrial diastole and ventricular diastole - After the atria have contracted the pressure within ventricles increase and AV valvesclose but before semilunar valves open o This is when we have the maximum amount of blood within the ventricles. This point is the EDV (happens during the isovolumetric contraction phase) - Then ventricles contract (ventricular ejection) force blood through semilunar valves and through aorta and pulmonary trunk. o The amount of blood left in the ventricles after the maximum amount they can contract = the ESV. - The difference: o SV = the amount of blood ejected by the heart in a single heartbeat (difference between EDV and ESV) - Phases of the Cardiac cycle o 1. Ventricular filling (mid-to-late diastole)  Ventricular filling & atrial contraction  Ventricles are relaxed – the atria are relaxed then contract  Blood is poured into the atrium  The right atrium is relaxed while it is filling up with blood from the systemic system (deoxygenated blood) - Blood pours passively into the right ventricle  Left atrium is relaxed when the left atrium is filled with oxygenated blood  From phase 1 the ventricles