1Earthquake HazardsImpact of earthquakes on human lifeOther Effects of Earthquakes1What can people do?- understanding where earthquakes happen- understanding the risk of future earthquakes- being preparedGolcuk, Turkey (60 mile east of Istanbul) after the magnitude 7.4 earthquake of August 17, 1999Chapter 18 Understanding Earth2Kobe, Japan after the magnitude 7.2 earthquake of January 16, 1995 Fig. 18.18 Understanding EarthImpact of earthquakes on human lifeDeadliest earthquakes each year 1995-2010Year Date Magnitude Location2010 12-Jan 7 222,521 Haiti2009 30-Sep 7.5 1,117 Southern Sumatera, Indonesia2008 12-May 7.9 87,587 Eastern Sichuan, China2007 15-Aug 8 514 Near the Coast of Central Peru2006 26-May 6.3 5,749 Java, Indonesia2005 8-Oct 7.6 80,361 Pakistan200426 Dec9283 106Off West Coast of Northern SumatraFatalities 3200426-Dec9283,106Off West Coast of Northern Sumatra2003 26-Dec 6.6 31,000 Southeastern Iran2002 25-Mar 6.1 1,000 Hindu Kush Region, Afghanistan2001 26-Jan 7.7 20,023 India2000 4-Jun 7.9 103 Southern Sumatera, Indonesia1999 17-Aug 7.6 17,118 Turkey1998 30-May 6.6 4,000 Afghanistan-Tajikistan Border Region1997 10-May 7.3 1,572 Northern Iran1996 3-Feb 6.6 322 Yunnan, ChinaSource: http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/eqarchives/ (go to World, Deadliest earthquakes each year)Dec. 22: Only 2 killed by a magnitude 6.5 earthquake in Californiahttp://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/eqinthenews/2003/nc40148755/Dec. 26: More than 30,000 killed by a magnitude 6.6 earthquake in IranImpact of earthquakes on human lifeCalifornia & Iran in 20034http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/eqinthenews/2003/uscvad/Why such different outcomes?More newsworthy earthquakeshttp://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/world/historical.phphttp://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/eqinthenews/2Jan. 12: >220,000 killed by a magnitude 7.0 in Haitihttp://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2010/us2010rja6/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqarchives/poster/2010/20100112.phphttp://www.nature.com/news/2010/100113/full/news.2010.10.htmlhttp://www.earthmagazine.org/earth/article/314-7da-2-18 Rebuild or not??F b 27 >1 600 kill d b it d 8 8 i ChilImpact of earthquakes on human lifeHaiti and Chile in 20105Feb. 27: >1,600 killed by a magnitude 8.8 in Chilehttp://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2010/us2010tfan/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqarchives/poster/2010/20100227.phphttp://www.cbsnews.com/2718-202_162-510.html?tag=contentMain;contentBodyAgain, why such different outcomes?http://www.earthmagazine.org/earth/article/317-7da-3-1http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8456233.stmhttp://scienceblogs.com/highlyallochthonous/2010/01/tectonics_of_the_haiti_earthqu.php?utm_source=sbhomepage&utm_medium=link&utm_content=channellinkEarthquake EffectsPrimary effects• Surface rupture (the ground surface is broken and disrupted)• Displacement (fault movement)• Energy release (seismic waves – shaking)Secondary effects• Ground subsidence and cracking• Changes in wells, springs, rivers6http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jvJ8j2vkzKoEureka, CAhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yJPS4lokxtwKobe, Japang,pg,• Landslides• Liquefaction• Tsunamis (in oceans) and seiches (in lakes)• Effects on human infrastructure− collapse of buildings− damage transportation, communication, electrical, gas, water, sewer, dams, etc.− fire and flooding− economic disruptionSurface displacementduring the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. The fault moved about 3 meters (10 feet).7Fig 18.2 Understanding EarthThe fault line is hereFault scarp created during the magnitude 7.8 Pleasant Valley earthquake in 1915.This earthquake occurred on a normal fault in the Basin & Range region and was the largest earthquake ever recorded in Nevada. Surface rupture with displacement occurred over 59 km (37 mi) of the fault. The average vertical movement was 2 m (6 ft), and the maximum was 6 m (20 ft)! The ‘quake affected groundwater causing large changes in the flow of springs (& streams) throughout northern Nevada. The ‘quake was felt at least as far away as San Diego, CA, and it was followed by about 100 aftershocks.8UPDOWN3Loma Prieta earthquake damageUSGS DDS-299Damage to an elevated highway from the 1995, Kobe earthquake. 10Source:National Information Service for Earthquake Engineering, at the University of California, Berkeleyhttp://nisee.berkeley.edu/11Landslides created by the magnitude 7.1 Loma Prieta earthquake in 1989.USGS DDS-2912Liquefaction features resulting from the magnitude 7.1 Loma Prieta earthquake in 1989.USGS DDS-294Tilting of apartment buildings due to liquefaction1964 magnitude 7.5 Niigata earthquake, Japan 13More about liquefaction: http://cee.uiuc.edu/sstl/education/liquefaction/http://www.ce.washington.edu/~liquefaction/html/main.htmlNASA14Cracking and subsidence of soft ground resulting from the 1995, Kobe, Japan earthquakeNational Information Service for Earthquake Engineering, University of California, Berkeley15FiresUSGSMore images:http://images.google.com/images?q=1906+San+Francisco+Earthquake&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&hl=en&btnG=Google+Search16Tsunami – Sumatra, 2004AP/Choo Youn-kongTsunami - Papua New Guinea, 1998 Fig. 18.9b Understanding Earthhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RDOuwMj7Xzohttp://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/video/tsunami-indonesia2004.mov(NOAA)5Generation of a tsunami by underwater fault movements. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Xebwzb3dDE17Fig. 18.19 Understanding EarthTsunami Travel time in hours across the Pacific Ocean18Mag ~9.2 1964Mag ~9.5 1960http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/03/02/tech/main6259564.shtml?tag=cbsnewsMainColumnAreaUSGSDrowned forest on the Pacific Northwest coastAbout 300 years ago, these trees and others at locations hundreds of miles apart were killed as the land suddenly subsided and parts of the coast were flooded by sea Cascadia Subduction Zone quakes19water during a magnitude ~9 earthquake. What happened to Samatra and the Indian Ocean coastline in 2004 and to Chile in 1960 and 2010 has happened here too. And, it will eventually happen again.Photo: USGSt/ttt.htm20So, how do we know the day and time of an earthquake that hit the west coast 310 years ago?See: http://wcatwc.arh.noaa.gov/ttt621Tsunami scenario for the next CascadiaSubduction Zone earthquake.See S.F. Chronicle article: If big quake hits off coast, tsunami could be gigantic Geophysicist charts wave heights from Northwest to Baja