History 127CWeek 3 Lecture 6After Lenin…Lenin was the Party- Lenin dies: Jan. 1924- Huge shock however his death was inevitable and foreseeable- At first, thought there could be no 2nd Lenino Collective leadership, but it was not taken seriously and someone would have to prevail o Who? Trotsky – military hero – led the army- Never formally joined the Bolsheviks until 1917- Jewish – liability- Enormous prestigeTrotsky on the party- Struggle for succession- Regime of secretaries\o Regime of bureaucrats- No party democracyo Democracy eroded- Freedom of criticismo Couldn’t criticize as a part of a group, a faction- Bring in students o Massive recruitment of young people into a party – unjaded, not bureaucratic with energy, no baggage- “we demand…”- Old Bolsheviks degeneratedo Not revolutionaries anymore, they are bureaucratsStalin on the party- Need organization, need a chain of demand, and without it there is chaos- Democracy is relativeo It depends on time and place o Not the right time for democracy; not a time for voting; it’s a time for unity- Factions are dangerous- Bring in workers, not studentso Students are instableo Trotsky wants to bring non-workers (students); non-Communist; non-Leninist - “Who’s this WE?”o Language is divisive, expecting people to choose sideo Splitting is doing the work of the enemy- “You’re not one…”- Why these criticisms?o Trotsky’s ambitiono Split the party – destruction of the revolutionary regime o Bonapartism Napoleon Bonapart- Party Audienceo Not majority intellectualo Lowest common denominators in society Trotsky- 1924: fired from Arm- 1927: exiled- 1929: deported:- 1940: assassinated- Why?o Personalities o Stalin patronage powero Fear of a splito Fear of disordero Fear of BonapartismThe “Scissors Crisis”- Slow industrial growtho = High prices for goodso Industrial goods are expensive- Low prices for grain, foodo Difference = peasants squeezedo Unfavorable market for peasantso Seller for agricultural goods, Buyer for industrial goods  Peasants o Politically angry How to close the scissors?- Trotskyo Pay peasants low prices Using the different to expand industryo Squeeze agriculture for industryo Tax the peasants heavilyo Rely on workerso Faster industrial growth- Bukharin:o Pay peasants high priceso Encourage peasant productiono Tax the peasants lightlyo Keep peasant loyaltyo Slower industrial growthNEP problems: 1927- Grain supply problemso Low grain priceso Government was the biggest buyer of graino Peasant playing the market?- Industry expanding slowlyo Low capital reserveso Unemploymento Hugh political problem for the Bolsheviks, since their party was made of workers who were now unemployedo High bread prices- War Scareo Bolsheviks fear a capitalist takeover“Extraordinary Measures”- 1927: forced grain marketingso = Requisitionso Squads into the country force peasants to sell grain at state dictated low prices  Civil war policy – seizing grain from peasants **similar Stalin wanted to show a force one time for enforcement purposes One-time only emergency measureo “one time only”o Stalin’s idea- Bukharin, Rykov, Tomsky opposedo Would provoke peasantso Want more concessions to peasantso They criticize Stalin’s policyBukharin- The “Right Opposition”o Looked like the government, but it wasn’t; it just carried out policies o Bukharin: “Pravda” economistso Rykov: gov’t apparatuso Tomsky: unions- On peasant policy- GradualismStalin vs. Bukharin- “Right Opposition”- Bukharin: o “Pravda”o economists- Rykov:o Gov’t apparatus- Tomsky:o Headed the trade unions- Industrialization – Stalin o 1928: five year planso Every five years, the regime will establish industrial growth targets State intervention to ensure that the target is met - Collectivization of agricultureo From 1929o At the beginning, he suggests cooperatives o Implies that they need to get control of agriculture- “New Men”o Khrushchevso New talent in industry needed- Rightists = defenders of capitalism- Opposition threatens unity- Neither (Stalin and Bukharin) wanted a public fight because the populations will start choosing up sides1920s- Righto Bukharino Rykovo Tomsky- Stalin- Lefto Trotskyo Zinovievo Kamenev1927- Righto Bukharino Rykovo Tomsky- Stalin1928- Stalin- Right1929-1930s- Stalino Molotov o Kaganovicho Kirovo