Background Data:The Naval War GameRandy H. KatzCS Division, EECS Dept.University of California, BerkeleySpring 2008Data Obtained From• Paul Kennedy, “The Rise and Fall ofthe Great Powers,” Random House,NY, 1987.• John Keegan, “The Price ofAdmiralty: The Evolution of NavalWarfare,” Viking Press, NY, 1988.British Empire in 1900PopulationUrbanizationIndustrializationSteel ProductionEnergyMeasure of Industrial PowerIndustrial MightSize of Armed ForcesRelative Fleet SizesCost of WarRichest CountriesEarly 20th CenturyNaval Game Data• Battleships are good against other battleships, heavyarmored, big guns, slow• Cruiser are faster, less well armored, are fair againstbattleships, best used in hit-and-run tactics and recon• Torpedo boats are good against battleships if they canget close enough!• Minelayers deny sea lanes to other ships• Minesweepers open up mined sea lanes• Destroyers good against torpedo boats & subs, otherdestroyers but not cruisers or battleships (guns not bigenough, too slow to get in close with torpedoes)• Subs are slow, vulnerable to destroyers, but deadlyversus anything they can close withNaval Game Data1899-1905 Programme• Germany: 58 million marks per year• 3 ship yards, 20 million marks ofconstruction per year in each– Battleship: 20 million/3 years– Cruiser: 20 million/3 years– Torpedo Boat: 0.5 million/.5 year– Minelayer: 0.5 million/.5 year– Minesweeper: 0.5 million/.5 year– Destroyer: 1.5 million/1 year– Submarines: 0.5 million/2 yearsDreadnoughtDreadnoughtNaval Game Data1901-1917• 1906: Dreadnought—bigger, better armed andgunned battleship, able to destroy any existingbattleship• Germany: Ship building program upped to 78 millionmarks per year, fourth ship yard constructed• Dreadnought-class ships: 20 million/3 years PLUSyou must widen Kiel Canal (see http://www.kiel-canal.org/english.htm) at a cost of 3 years/240million mark• New Ship Class—BATTLE cruiser: 20 million/3 years• Improved Submarines: .5 million/2 yearsBattle of Jutland:The SearchBattle of JutlandScheer’s vs. Jellicoe’s Plans• High Seas Fleet sortie lures GrandFleet into a submarine/mine trap (itdidn’t work• Grand Fleet tries to engage and sinkthe High Seas Fleet, by gettingbetween it and its home port– Intelligence bust: takes 8 hours beforeAdmiralty realizes that the Germanshave put to seaBattle of Jutland• Battlecruiser action—”The British runto the South”• Encounter the High Sea Fleets—”TheGerman run to the North”• First encounter of the Battleships• Second encounter of the Battleships• Night actionBattle of Jutland:Engagement and BreakoffCrossing the “T”LionBattlecruiserClassBattle of JutlandPoints for Discussion• Room 40 (British codebreakers) andintelligence assessment during the battle:the discovery of the German’s plans andintensions• General confusion of the battle situation:Where is the enemy? Where are my forces?Can I get them engaged in time?Observation-Orientation-Decision-Action• Difficulty of signaling and maintainingcommand and controlBattle of JutlandMore Points• Weapons systems assessment: range finding,fire control, and ship design• Command assessment: initiative ofsubordinates, level of training—who wasbetter?• Operational difficulty of night engagements• In the verdict of history, who won?Battle of JutlandFinal Assessment• Last great ship-to-ship fleet action in history• Jellicoe: “He was the one man who could havelost the war in an afternoon.”• Newsman’s assessment: “The Germansassaulted their jailer, and found themselvesback in jail at the end of the day.”• German’s resulting naval strategy:unrestricted submarine warfare—with theresult of bringing in the US on the British