Chapter 12 BOT3015L Biology of non-flowering plantsTodaySlide 3Evolutionary RelationshipsAdapting to terrestrial lifeSlide 6Reproductive Trends—General Groups (. . . another general summary; flesh out details in text)Slide 8Phylogeny algae and plants, with focus on bryophytesBryophytes vs. AlgaeBryophytes vs. Other PlantsMoss Life CycleMoss GametophyteMoss SporophyteLife cycle of Marchantia, a liverwortAsexual reproduction of Marchantia by gemma cups on gametophyteSexual reproduction of Marchantia Antheridia (male gametangia) on gametophyteSexual reproduction of Marchantia Archegonia (female gametangia) on gametophyteSporophyte of Marchantia notice dependence on gametophytePeat moss (Sphagnum)Slide 21Phylogenetic OrientationSlide 23Slide 24Slide 25Fern Life CyclePterophyta (Ferns)SoriMarginal soriFiddleheadsFern Examples (f)Fern Examples (d)Fern Ally: PsilophytaLife cycle of PsilotumSlide 35Phylogenetic Orientation (a)Phylogenetic Orientation (b)Phylogenetic Orientation (c)Phylogenetic Orientation (d)Phylogenetic Orientation (e)Phylogenetic Orientation (f)Review of Traits Required for Seed EvolutionPine Life CycleGymnosperms: ConiferophytaSlide 45PowerPoint PresentationNutritive tissue in Gymnosperms: Female GametophyteSlide 48Slide 49Slide 50Slide 51Gymnosperms: CycadophytaSlide 53Gymnosperms: GinkgophytaGymnosperms: GnetophytaChapter 12BOT3015LBiology of non-flowering plantsPresentation created by Danielle SherdanAll photos from Raven et al. Biology of Plants except when otherwise notedTodayAdaptations for terrestrial environmentsReproductive trends in plantsBryophytesFerns and fern alliesGymnospermsTodayAdaptations for terrestrial environmentsReproductive trends in plantsBryophytesFerns and fern alliesGymnospermsEvolutionary RelationshipsGreen AlgaEmbryophytes-Non-vascular-Vascular -seedless -seeds -gymnosperm -angiospermbryophytesModified from Outlaw lectureAdapting to terrestrial life“Problem” Example “solutions”DesiccationCuticle with regulated stomataSignaling hormonesWater acquisition for photosynthesis and turgor maintenanceVascular tissuesTrue rootsStomata (create driving force for water movement)Rapidly changing environmentCuticle deters herbivores and scatters UVStomata regulate cooling transpirationSeeds withstand harsh environmentsSupportVascular and ground tissues, secondary growthNeed water for fertilizationGametangia in close proximityPollenTodayAdaptations for terrestrial environmentsReproductive trends in plantsBryophytesFerns and fern alliesGymnospermsGreen Algae Bryophytes Ferns & Allies Gymnosperms AngiospermsReproductive Trends—General Groups(. . . another general summary; flesh out details in text) Haploid Dominance Diploid DominanceHomospory HeterosporyIsogamy/OogamyMotile Gamete Non-motile (pollen)Non-seed SeedFrom Outlaw lectureTodayAdaptations for terrestrial environmentsReproductive trends in plantsBryophytesFerns and fern alliesGymnospermsPhylogenyalgae and plants, with focus on bryophytesBryophytes vs. AlgaeFrom Outlaw lectureBryophytes vs. Other PlantsFrom Outlaw lectureMoss Life CycleFrom Outlaw lectureMoss GametophyteFrom Outlaw lectureMoss SporophyteFrom Outlaw lectureLife cycle of Marchantia, a liverwortAsexual reproduction of Marchantia by gemma cups on gametophyteArchegonia also visible~0.5mmAlso, notice the thickness of the thallus GemmaeSexual reproduction of MarchantiaAntheridia (male gametangia) on gametophyte~100µmSexual reproduction of MarchantiaArchegonia (female gametangia) on gametophyte~50µmSporophyte of Marchantianotice dependence on gametophyte~500µmgametophytesporophytePeat moss (Sphagnum)Spore-releasing mechanismOne of the most abundant plants on earthTodayAdaptations for terrestrial environmentsReproductive trends in plantsBryophytesFerns and fern alliesGymnospermsPhylogenetic OrientationModified from Outlaw lecturePhylogenetic OrientationModified from Outlaw lecturePhylogenetic OrientationModified from Outlaw lecturePhylogenetic OrientationModified from Outlaw lectureFern Life CycleFrom Outlaw lecturePterophyta (Ferns)Vascular Tissue: yesLeaves: megaphyllsRoots: primary & adventitious on rhizome Spores: homosporous (most species)Gametophyte retained in sporophyte: noFlagellated sperm: yesSeed: noFlowers/Fruit: noModified from Outlaw lectureSoriModified from Outlaw lectureMarginal soriFiddleheadsModified from Outlaw lectureFern Examples (f)Himalayan maidenhair fernFrom Outlaw lectureFern Examples (d)Staghorn fernFrom Outlaw lectureFern Ally: PsilophytaPsilotumVascular Tissue: yesLeaves: no—Psilotum; microphylls—TmesipterisRoots: noSpores: HomosporousGametophyte retained in sporophyte: no; subterranean gametophyteFlagellated sperm: yesSeed: noFlowers/Fruit: noModified from Outlaw lectureLife cycle of PsilotumgametophyteSporophyte with yellow sporangia~2mmTodayAdaptations for terrestrial environmentsReproductive trends in plantsBryophytesFerns and fern alliesGymnospermsPhylogenetic Orientation (a)From Outlaw lecturePhylogenetic Orientation (b)Ferns and fern alliesFrom Outlaw lecturePhylogenetic Orientation (c)From Outlaw lecturePhylogenetic Orientation (d)From Outlaw lecturePhylogenetic Orientation (e)From Outlaw lecturePhylogenetic Orientation (f)From Outlaw lectureReview of Traits Required for Seed Evolution**Heterospory—all seed plants are heterosporous, but not all heterosporous plants produce seeds.**Retention of the megaspore (N) within the megasporangium (2N=nucellus).(Of course, if a megaspore forms, then the plant must be heterosporous)** Reduction of the number of megaspore mother cells in the sporangium to one.** Survival of only one of the four megaspores produced meiotically. ** Highly reduced megagametophyte that completes development within the megaspore wall.** Modification of megasporangium to receive male gametophyte.** Sexual “mobility” through the dispersion of the male gametophyte, not the male gamete. (Note also that the seed—in addition to the male gametophyte—is an agent of dispersal, whereas in non-seed plants, the spore itself is the agent of dispersal.) ** Diminution in the size of the male gametophyte , replacement of antheridia by pollen tube.Modified from Outlaw lecturePine Life CycleFrom Outlaw lectureGymnosperms: ConiferophytaFemale conesModified from Outlaw lectureGymnosperms: