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HIST 101: Final Exam
Indulgence
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In Catholic practice, a remission of sins one can earn by performing good deeds or religious tasks to avoid purgatory after death; they were kind of like "get out of Hell free cards." As the practice of granting indulgences developed, they could be purchased for cash and became a lucrative source of income for the church.
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Dhimmis
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Arabic for "people of the book" (that is the Bible); they are Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians in the Arab world who were permitted to practice their own religion as long as they paid a tax called jizya. The Arabs were actively seeking converts to Islam but did not force these "protected subjects" to convert.
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Hijra
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Arabic for "migration"; the flight of Muhammed and his original followers from Mecca to Yathrib. This journey marks the starting point of the Islamic calendar.
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Columbian Exchange
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The massive transatlantic interaction and exchange of people, animals, plants, diseases, and ideas among the Americas, Africa, and Eurasia. It gave the option to partake in a diet of variety and promoted communication between many different cultures.
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Renaissance
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The rebirth of learning; a period of revival and flourishing in learning and the arts. It began in Italy, but later spread across Europe. It was characterized by a renewed interest in the classical teachings of Greece and Rome and their application to politics, society, and culture.
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Temujin
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Successfully united the Mongols and was recognized as Chinggis Khan, which means "universal ruler," by a Mongol tribal assembly.
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Leonardo da Vinci
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Great Renaissance artist whose paintings and sculptures were very naturalistic. He is important because he helped revolutionize art and science during the Renaissance and strengthened the Humanist movement.
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Machiavelli
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A patron of the arts during the Renaissance. WroteThe Prince,which was a "how to" book on how a kingdom should be governed.
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Gutenberg
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Reinvented the movable type. This had a positive impact on literacy, bureaucracy, scholarship, the spread of religion, and the exchange of information.
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Al-Andalus
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A Muslim-ruled region in what is now Spain, established by the Berbers. This is where the era of harmonious interaction between Muslim and Christians came to an end, and was replaced by intolerance, prejudice, and mutual suspicion.
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Abu Bakr
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The first Caliph, a close companion of the Prophet, Muhammed. Brought all of central Arabia under Muslim control and was successful in spreading Islam further through conquest.
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Yuan Dynasty
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Mongol dynasty that ruled China from 1271-1368; its name means "great beginnings". Many important developments in the artistic aspect of society occurred in China under their rule.
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Kubilai Khan
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The last of the Mogol Great Khans. He invaded China and defeated the Song Dynasty and founded the Yuan Empire.
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The Aztec Empire
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Major state that developed in what is now mexico. Conquered neighboring people and created a Tributary Empire.
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Vikings
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Set off on a transatlantic venture that established colonies in Iceland, Greenland, and Newfoundland.
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Martin Luther
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The most prominent figure in the Protestant Reformation; a German monk, priest, and theologian. Composed theological treatises, translations of the Bible into German, and many hymns.
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1453
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The Ottoman Turks took down the city of Constantinople, and with it the Byzantine Empire. This marked the end of the Christian Byzantine.
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Sei Shonagon
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Japanese lady-in-waiting to the Empress Sadako. Wrote the "Pillow Book", a series of brief and often witty observations that described court life as well as her own likes and dislikes.
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Great Schism
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The division between the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church. The Schism weakened the faith of many Christians.
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Charlemagne
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Rule of the Carolingian Empire who staged an imperial revival in Western Europe. Erected an embryonic imperial bureaucracy, standardized weights and measures, and began to act like an imperial ruler.
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Foot binding
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The Chinese practice of tightly wrapping girls feet to keep them from growing and to make the foot narrow and arched. An emphasis on small size and delicacy was central to the views of female beauty.
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Samurai
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Highly skilled Japanese warriors. The Samurai, guided by the value system bushido, evolved from being armed retainers of feudal lords to an administrative elite.
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Humanism
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Renaissance perspective of viewing the world by looking at man and his accomplishments.
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Marco Polo
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Well known Italian traveler; he accompanied his father and an uncle on a journey across Eurasia which brought the Polos to China. He wrote a book about his travels titled, "The Travels of Marco Polo."
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Trung Sisters
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Leaders of one of the peasant rebellions in Vietnam against Chinese rule. They demonstrate the importance of Vietnamese women in an indigenous society.
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Bushido
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"The way of the warrior"; Code of conduct by which Japanese samurai were expected to live. Bushido stressed the military values of bravery, loyalty, and death over surrender.
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Black Death
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Massive pandemic that swept through Eurasia and North Africa. This pandemic killed a third to a half of the population of Europe. Disasters caused by the plague may have strengthened the appeal of Christianity in Europe and Buddhism and China, for both of the religions offered compassion in the face of suffering.
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Swahili Civilization
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East African civilization that took shape as a set of commercial city-states stretching along the East African coast. They were important commercial centers that accumulated goods from the interior and exchanged them for products of distant civilizations.
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Kievan Rus
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State that emerged around the city of Keiv. It was a trading center. Kievan Rus converted to Orthodox Christianity under its ruler Vladimir, which had long term implications for Russia.
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