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Chem 102: Final
Groups are _______ |
Columns on the periodic table that contain chemically similar elements.
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Periods are _______
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Horizontal rows on the periodic table.
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Define Metal
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A material that has luster and is a good conductor of electricity; metallic elements are on the center and left side of the periodic table.
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Define Non-Metal
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A material that is typically a non-conductor; they are located in the top right part of the periodic table.
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Define Metalloid
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An element that has properties of both metals and non-metals.
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Define Alkali Metals and name the group they are located in.
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soft, reactive metals in group 1A
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Alkaline Earth Metals are located in what group on the periodic table?
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they are the elements in group 2A
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Define Halogens (salt formers) and name what group they belong to on the periodic table.
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reactive non-metals in group 7A
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Define Noble Gases and name the group they belong to on the periodic table.
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they are stable and largely inert gases that are located in group 8A
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What is Ionic Bonding?
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the electrostatic attraction between cations and anions. Ionic compounds will never have a charge, and there is no sharing of electrons involved.
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What is Covalent Bonding?
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when atoms share electrons by overlapping orbitals.
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What is Avogadro's #?
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the experimentally determined number of the number of carbon 12 atoms in 12g. It is equal to 6.022 x 10^23
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Name the 3 different Electron Pair Geometries.
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linear
trigonal planar
tetrahedral
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Name the 5 different Molecular Geometries.
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linear
trigonal planar
tetrahedral
trigonal pyramidal
bent
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What are the electron deficient molecules?
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Group 2A can only have 4 electrons
Group 3A can only have 6 electrons
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Name the bond angles for the different geometries.
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Tetrahedral - 109.5 degrees
Linear - 180 degrees
Bent - 90 degrees
Trigonal Planar - 120 degrees
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Never put a double bond to a _________.
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Halogen
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____________, ______________, and ______________ are all types of intermolecular attractions.
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Dipole-Dipole attraction
London Dispersion forces
Hydrogen Bonding
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If the electron pair geometry of a molecule is perfectly symmetrical then the molecule is _________ and therefore has ___________.
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Non-Polar, No Dipole-Dipole attractions
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If the electron pair geometry of a molecule is asymmetrical then the molecule is __________ and therefore has ____________.
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Polar, Dipole-Dipole attractions
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All molecules have this, though it is stronger in larger molecules than smaller ones.
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London Dispersion Forces
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What is Hydrogen Bonding and what must a molecule have to have it?
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Hydrogen bonding occurs between a hydrogen atom bonded to N, O, or F, and a lone pair of electrons on a second N, O, or F.
Must have: One H or more
At least one pair of lone electrons
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What are Neutralization Reactions?
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the reaction of an acid with a base to form salt and water.
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Define Acid.
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compound that dissolves in water to produce hydrogen ions.
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Define Base.
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compound that dissolves in water to produce hydroxide ions. It is usually a soluble metal hydroxide.
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Define Salt.
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an ionic compound consisting of the cation of a base, and the anion of the acid.
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What is an Oxidation-Reduction Reaction?
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Every element in a substance has a positive or negative number called an oxidation number. An oxidation-reduction reaction occurs when some of the elements change oxidation numbers. In a balanced equation the sum of the changes in oxidation numbers is zero.
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What is a Precipitation Reaction?
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The formation of an insoluble product or products from the reaction of soluble reactants.
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Define Net Ionic Equation
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It shows only those species in the solution that actually undergo a chemical change
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Define Kinetic
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The study of the rates of chemical reactions.
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What is a catalyst?
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a substance which increases the reaction rate but is not consumed in the reaction.
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What are Enzyme Catalysts?
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Large molecules which catalyze specific biochemical reactions. They are very specific in the reactions they catalyze
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What are the properties of Acids?
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sour
gives H+ ions
reacts with metals to give H
ex:(vinegar, tomatoes, citrus fruit, aspirin)
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What are the properties of Bases?
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bitter
provide OH-
slippery feeling
ex:(ammonia, baking soda, soap, detergents)
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Name the main strong acids
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Hydrochloric Acid - HCl
Nitric Acid - HNO3
Hydrobromic Acid - HBr
Sulfuric Acid - H2SO4
Hydroiodic Acid - HI
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Name the main strong bases
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Sodium Hydroxide - NaOH
Potassium Hydroxide - KOH
Lithium Hydroxide - LiOH
Magnesium Hydroxide - Mg(OH)2
Calcium Hydroxide - Ca(OH)2
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Define pH
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it is a measure of a substances hydronium ion concentration or the measure of its acidity or basicity
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What is a Buffer?
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a solution of a weak acid or base and its conjugate partner. Buffers resist changes in pH
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What are Hydrocarbons?
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class of compounds that contain hydrogen and carbon only
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What are the four classes of hydrocarbons?
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Alkanes
Alkenes
Alkynes
Aromatics
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What does Saturated Hydrocarbon mean?
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that it only contains carbon-carbon single bonds
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What does Unsaturated Hydrocarbon mean?
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that they contain carbon-carbon multiple bonds
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What is the combining power of Carbon?
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4
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What is the combining power of Oxygen?
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2
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What is the combining power of Nitrogen?
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3
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What is the combining power of H, F, Cl, Br, I?
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1
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Tetrahedrons have always have SP_ hybridization.
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sp3
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Trigonal Planar is always SP_.
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sp2
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Linear is always sp_.
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1
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What are Isomers?
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two or more compounds with the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms.
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What are constitutional isomers?
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compounds that differ in the way that the atoms are bonded together. EX:( C4H10 can be butane or 2-methyl propane)
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What are Alkenes?
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Hydrocarbons with at least one carbon-carbon double bond.
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How are Alkenes formed?
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through the dehydrogenation of adjacent carbon atoms
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What is a Sigma bond?
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carbon-carbons single bond
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What is a Pi bond?
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carbon-carbon double bond
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What are Alkynes?
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Hydrocarbons with carbon-carbon triple bonds
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What is the structure of an Alcohol?
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R--OH
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What is the structure of a Phenol?
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R--OH (and the R is aromatic)
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What is the structure of an Ether?
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R--O--R (R groups can be the same or different)
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Alcohols dehydrate into ____________.
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Alkenes
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The oxidation of Primary Alcohols form ____________.
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Aldehydes
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The oxidation of Secondary Alcohols form ___________.
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Ketones
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What are Phenols?
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Alcohol-like compounds that have the hydroxyl group attached to a benzene ring.
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What are Ethers?
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Compounds where both sides of the oxygen is bound to an alkyl or aryl group
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What are the properties of Ethers?
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much less polar than alcohols
not soluble in water
lower MP and BP than alcohols
chemically inert
very flammable
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What do Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, Acid Hallides, Acid Anhydrides, and Amdes all have in common?
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They all contain the carbonyl group
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Aldehydes and Ketones do not have ____________.
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Hydrogen Bonding
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Ketones cannot be ______________.
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oxidized
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Aldehydes are oxidized into ____________.
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carboxylic acids
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What are the derivatives of carboxylic acids?
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ester
amide
acid halide
acid anhydride
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What Carboxylic acid is in ant stings? Vinegar?
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formic acid (methanoic), acetic acid (ethanoic)
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What is the acidity of Carboxylic acids?
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they are weak acids, undergoing ionization in water to form the carboxylate ion. (gives up H+)
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Carboxylic Acid and a Strong Base make ______________.
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Carboxylate Salts
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Primary and Secondary Amines have BP and MP similar to ___________ and ____________.
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aldehydes and ketones
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Amines are ________ bases.
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organic
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Amines react with acids to form ___________.
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amine salts
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Hydrolysis of Amides results in the formation of _____________ and ___________.
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carboxylic acid and the amine
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