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ANTH 102: Exam 1
Four fields of Anthropology |
Archeology, biological, sociocultural, linguistic |
Culture |
Peoples learned and shared behaviors and beliefs |
Cultural Relativism |
Each culture must be understood in terms of the values and ideas of that culture and not judged by the standards of another culture |
Ethnocentrism |
Judging another culture by the standards of ones own culture rather than the standards of another |
Ethnography |
Detailed description of a living culture based on personal observation |
Historical Pluralism |
Each society is a collective representation of its historical past, societies could reach the same level of cultural development through different pains |
Macroculture |
Bigger culture
ex: Scottish family in Welsh would consider themselves Welsh |
Microculture |
Smaller culture
ex: Scottish family in Welsh would considered Scottish |
Functionalism |
Culture is similar to a biological organism where parks work to support the whole operation and maintenance of the whole |
Arm Chair Anthropology |
Not based on fieldwork or research; descriptions and theories based on missionaries and explorers accounts of the |
Fieldwork |
The study of geographic phenomena by visiting places and observing how people interact with and thereby change those places |
Emic |
Approach of studying a culture's behavior from the perspective of an insider |
Etic |
Approach of studying a culture's behavior from the perspective of an outsider |
Shaman |
Embodies religion in himself and their methods rely on communication with the spiritual world |
Deductive Approach |
Passing a research question or hypotheses |
Inductive Approach |
Does not have a hypotheses or a question |
Culture Shock |
Persistant uncomfortable feelings when one has moved from one culture to another |
Applied Anthropology |
Taking your knowledge of anthropology and applying it to peoples problems
(Upcoming 5th field of anthropology) |
Imitative Magic |
Attempts to control the universe through the mimicking of a desired event similar actions produce similar events (Voodoo) |
Contagious Magic |
Things or persons once in contact can afterword influence each other (Fingernails, hair) |
Animatism |
Supernatural conceived as an impersonal (Mana- neither a spirit or a deity, manifests it's self in objects) |
Animism |
Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life |
Monotheism |
Belief in one God |
Polytheism |
Belief in many Gods |
Myth |
A Narrative with a plot that involves supernaturals |
Doctrine |
Direct and formalized statements about religious beliefs (Qu'Ran) |
Zoomorphic |
Having a representing anything forms of Gods or animal form |
Magic |
Attempt to compel supernatural forces and beings to act in certain ways |
Anthropomorphism |
God appears in human form |
Pantheon |
All the Gods of a people or religion collectively |
Ancestor Veneration |
Dead have a continues existence or possess the ability to influence the fortune of the living (Golden Eagle) |
Ritual |
Patterned behavior that has to do with the supernatural realm |
Worldview |
Philosophy of life or conception of the world |
Cargo Cult |
Expected arrival of ancestral spirits in ships bringing cargos of good and other goods |
Rites of Passages |
A ceremony performed in some cultures at times when an individual changes his status (Quienciera) |
Priests |
Fulltime religious specialist whose position is based mainly on abilities gained through formal training |
Religious pluralism |
Condition in which one or more religions coexist either as complimentary to each other or as competing systems |
World Religions |
Religion based on written sources, has many followers, widespread, and concerned with salvation |
Syncretism |
Fusion of differing systems of belief especially when success is partial result of heterogeneous |
Communication |
Process of sending and receiving meaningful messages |
Oracle |
Priests acting as a medium where advice or prophecy was sought from the Gods in antiquity |
Language |
Form of communication based on a set of learned symbols and signs shared among a group and passed on from generation to generation |
Linguistic Anthropology |
Study of human communication including origins, history and contemporary variation and change |
Creole |
Language directly descended from a pidgin but possessing its own native speakers and involving linguistic expansion and elaboration |
Dialect |
Particular from of language thats particular to a specific region or social group |
Pidgin |
Contact language that blends elements of at least 2 languages and that emerges when people with different languages need to communicate (Spanglish) |
Productivity |
Feature of human language whereby people are able to communicate a potentially infinite number of messages |
Critical Legal Anthropology |
Examines role of the law and judicial processes in maintaining the dominance of powerful groups through discriminatory practices rather than protecting less powerful peoples (Aboriginal youth case) |
Code Switching |
Practice of moving back and forth between two languages or between two dialects of the same language |
Displacement |
Feature of human language whereby people are able to talk about events in the past and the future |
Sapir Whorf Hypothesis |
The theory that language determines thought |
Linguistic Determination |
Language and structures limit and determine human knowledge and thought |
Discourse |
Culturally patterned verbal language including varieties of speech , participation and meaning |
Tag Question |
Question places at the ends of a sentence seeking affirmation (It's a nice day, isn't it?) |
Observers Paradox |
Observation of an even or experiment is influences by the presence of the observer/investigator |
Sociolinguistics |
Culture, society and a personal social position determine language |
Paralanguage |
Nonverbal forms of communication |
Kinestics |
A non verbal code that represents messages communicated in visible body language |
Social Control |
Maintain orderly social life |
Feuding |
Prolonged hostility and occasional fighting between individuals and their supporters |
Law |
Binding rule through enactment or custom that defines right and reasonable behavior and is enforceable by the threat or punishment |
Policing |
Exercise of social control through process or surveillance and threat of punishment related to maintaing social order |
War |
Organized and purposeful group action directed against another group and involving lethal force |
Infralegal |
Dispute is one that occurs outside the legal system without involving regular violence |
Extralegal |
Beyond the jurisdiction of the law; not regulated by the law |
Banditry |
Socially patterned theft (Peter-pan like crimes in Haiti) |
Prophet |
Convey divine revelations gained thru dreams/visions |
Symbol |
Anything we can perceive with our sense that stands for something else |
Call System |
Meaningful sounds used as language (primates) |
Sociolinguistics |
A school of thought that focuses on the relationship between language and culture |
Linguistic Determination |
Language determines consciousness of the world and behavior |
Biological Anthropology |
Studies humanity as biological |
Archeological anthropology |
Studies humanity based on the past left behind |
Sociocultural anthropology |
Study of living peoples cultures including variation and change |
Malenowski |
He believed in "functionalism" |
Boas |
He believed in cultural relativism- each culture muct be understood by that culture and not judged by others (Margaret Mead) |