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Exam 3
The greatest pressure drop in the cardiovascular system occurs across the.... |
Arterioles |
All of the valves int he heart are closed during... |
Isovolumetric contraction |
The ___ forms a layer that covers the valves and lines the chambers of the atria and ventricles |
Endothelium |
The __ pumps blood to the ___..
Atrium/Ventricles to systemic/pulminary vasculature |
Left/right ventricle pumps to systemic/pulmonary vasculature
Pulminary circuit - pumps blood from heart to lungs and back
Systemic circuit - pumps blood from heart to rest of the body |
The atrioventricular valves close when ___ begins.
|
Isovolumetric contraction |
What is another name for the right AV valve?
And the left ? |
Right - Tricuspid
Left - Bicuspid or Mitral |
Oxygenated blood leaves the ___ when the ____ opens |
Left ventricle, aortic valve |
Lidocaine is an anesthetic that blocks voltage-gated Na channels. You would expect this drug to affect action potential generation in the... |
AV node, SA node, ventricular myocytes, and pacemaker cells
Because of the face that ventricular cardiomyocytes are the ones with VG Na channels |
What would increase sarcomere length and stroke volume? |
Increased preload |
What would produce an increase in afterload? Why? |
An increase in aortic pressure and systemic vascular resistance. This will create more flow out of the ventricle because of increased pressure
|
If afterload is increased, what is increased or decreased as well? |
Increased end systolic volume, decreased stroke volume |
Activation of Beta 1 adrenergic receptors would result in what?
Why? |
Increased cardiac output, contractility, heart rate, and stroke volume
Because it will increase cAMP, which raises heart rate. Beta only binds in the sympathetic nervous system, which is fight or flight, which is an increased heart rate.
Bring threshhold faster as well |
Contractility of cardiomyocytes is a response to what nervous system? |
Sympathetic, generally the action/response
An increase in contractility works by increasing in intracellular CA during contraction |
The force that drives blood through the coronary arteries is derived from pressure in the... |
Aorta (aortic pressure) |
Stimulating postganglionic parasympathetic neurons in the heart would affect cardiac output by.... why? |
Decreasing heart rate
1. its the Parasympathetic NS - rest and digest
2. Acetylcholine will be converted to lower cAMP, which leads to a decrease in heart rate |
The parasympathetic nervous system affects cardiac output by.... |
decreasing K+ efflux from the pacemaker cells, which creates a more gradual release |
Doubling the flow through a vascular bed while leaving the pressure unchanged would require the resistance _____ by _____fold |
Increase by 16 fold |
In calcium induced calcium release in cardiac muscle the influx of ____ through _______ receptors opens ______________ receptors |
Influx of Ca through dihydropyridine receptors opens ryanodine receptors |
Doubling the radius of a blood vessel would _____ its resistance by _____ |
decrease by 16 times |
What would LACK rough endoplasmic reticulum |
Platelets, because it's a protein solution and erythrocytes because it only has remnants of rough ER |
t-cell receptors are effectively the antibody of the cellular immune system. Once the blood has been spun in a centrifuge, these receptors would be found in..... |
While you would think the plasma, it is in fact the Buffy coat, because that is what contains cells of the immune system |
A low CD4 count would demonstrate a lack of.... |
t-helper cells because t-helper=CD4 |
The sites of t-cell maturation and selection are found in the.... |
Thymus.
|
What is the path from birth to death of a t-cell |
Created in red bone marrow, matures in Thymus, and is released onto the body to wait for a possible antigen. |
Oxygen is most likely to be released from _____ in hemoglobin in the ____. |
Iron, tissues |
For a memory b cell to become activated it must..... |
have a transmembrane protein that binds specifically to the antigen |
t killer cells |
express t cell receptors that only recognize antigen fragments displayed ont he surface of other cells
Contains CD8 that binds to MHCI complex proteins on other cells |
In the process of inflammation, the cell type that serves as part of the specific and nonspecific immune system is the..... |
Neutrophil, a type of granulocyte that releases macrophages to destroy everything, including itself. |
_____ is part of the nonspecific immune response and is secreted from ____. |
interferon from virus-infected cells in order to slow down endocytosis |
what expresses MHCII proteins
t helper cells
cytotoxic t killer cells
neutrophils
professional antigen presenting cells |
Professional antigen presenting cells |
In the productiion of lymph, the force that causes the net movement of fluid out of the blood is the... |
hydrostatic pressure |
___ binds to the ___ on ____ that is secreted by plasma b cell |
antigen fragments, MHCII complex, t cell receptors |
in the cellular branch of the immune system, the t cell receptor is... |
a transmembrane protein in the t cell plasma membrane and
is a protein that recognizes antigen fragments presented on the surface of other cells |
For a cytotoxic t killer cell, a good fit between the antigen fragment presented on the ___ of a ____ cell and the t cell receptor leads to the release of perforins from the ______. |
MHCI protein, somatic cell, t killer cell |
assuming a negligible volume for the buffy coat, a hematocrit of 42 indicates that |
42% of the blood volume is occupied by erythrocytes
58% of the blood volume is occupied by plasma
Because, hematocrit=erythrocytes |
What is the lub sound and the dub of a heart beat |
lub - AV closing
Dub - semilunar valve closing |