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BIOLOGY 280: Final Exam
What are some of the prerequisites for the ‘Green Beard’ effect to evolve? |
Recognizable phenotype, Ability to recognize phenotype, Preferential treatment of individuals with phenotype |
How are certain Lepidoptera (butterfly) species able to manipulate an ant’s kin recognition mechanisms? |
The caterpillars exude a similar pheromonal scent to that of an ant larva. |
Tool use has arisen multiple times in mammals. Why do certain species of Dolphins use sponges as tools by attaching them to the end of their snout? |
In order to avoid damaging their nose while foraging on the sea floor |
What were some of the early anatomical changes that arose in humans due to bipedalism? |
Shift in the position of the foramen magnum to the base of the skull, A double curved spine,Narrowing of the pelvis. |
How do we know that Neanderthals interbred with non-African humans? |
Non-African human populations share a portion of their DNA with Neanderthals |
Which of the following could be considered as a co-evolutionary arms race? |
a.Antibiotic resistance occurring in various bacteria
b. The increasing levels of toxin produces by the Rough Skinned Newt as a predator defence technique.
c. Brood parasitism by cuckoos and removal of cuckoo eggs by hosts. |
What are some of the main lines of evidence that suggest beetle diversity is linked to their coevolution with plants? |
a.The rapid increase of herbivorous insects during the Mesozoic
b. The relatively larger number of species in plant feeding clades compared to non-plant feeding clades |
In Rock Lizards the number of sneaker males in the population will never get larger than the number of territory-holding males. This phenomena is known as |
An evolutionary stable strategy |
What are some of the benefits of social group living?
|
Increased vigilance |
What is indirect fitness? |
The fitness gained by kin reproducing. |
Marsupial mammals evolved by a combination of dispersal and vicariance. What is vicariance? |
When the geographical range of a species is split into multiple sections by the formation of a physical barrier to gene flow. |
Why is estimating the diversity of a group of organisms through time difficult? |
a. There are not an equal number of rocks to study from each geological period meaning some fossil organisms are more commonly found.
b. Random fluctuations in diversity can produce trend-like patterns.
c. Phylogenetic relationships among groups are often uncertain.
d. Large-scale patterns may obscure any regional patterns. |
What is the most common cause of an adaptive radiation? |
Exploitation of environments not occupied by competitors |
What is a mass extinction? |
When the extinction rate significantly rises above the background extinction rate. |
Why is the co-evolution between rabbits and the myxoma virus in Australia an example of a decelerating arms race? |
The myxoma virus is becoming less virulent as there was not sufficient time for the virus to be passed between hosts. |
What are some of the advantages of sexual reproduction? |
a. Combining beneficial mutations
b. Generation of novel genotypes
c. Faster evolution
d. Clearance of deleterious mutations |
Sexual dimorphism results from sexual selection. What are some of the typical features of sexual dimorphism? |
a. Armaments
b. Ornaments |
Why if there a difference in survivorship between male deer (stags) and female deer? |
Strong intrasexual selection often leads to competitive bouts where males become repeatedly injured and physically exhausted. |
What is Fisher’s runaway sexual selection? |
When there is female preference for a specific heritable trait in males. |
What are some of the consequences for polyandry? |
a. Sperm competition
b. Penile spines/hooks/barbs |
Jean –Baptiste Lamarck |
believed in the inheritance of acquired characteristics. |
earliest whales |
Evolved from a hippo-like artiodactyl ancestor. |
Mammary glands in whales and humans |
a. are a synapomorphy for these species and other mammals
b. were likely present in the most recent common ancestor of humans and whales
c. are homologous traits |
monophyletic group |
A group of organisms comprised or an organism, real or hypothesized, and all of its descendants |
paraphyletic group |
A group of organisms that is comprised of an organism or species, real or hypothesized, and SOME of its descendants. |
Thomas Malthus |
Darwin and Wallace realized that individuals compete to survive and reproduce by reading a book from the following author |
the presence of dactylus feet |
not a synapomorphy of the Chordata. |
synapomorphy |
a trait that is shared |
Axial Tomography |
Taking a series of high resolution x-rays along the axis of the specimen then using a computer to merge them back together |
Biomarkers |
Molecular evidence of life including molecules such as lipids, isotopic ratios or even fragments of DNA. |
Burgess Shale from the Canadian Rockies: |
a.It is a Lagerstätte deposit.
b. Its Cambrian-aged fossils include early representatives of many living lineages. |
wings of a fly, a bird, and a bat |
are similar because of convergent evolution |
The bones in the wings of a birds and a bat: |
are similar because they are homologous structures. |
Heterochrony |
change in the timing of gene expression |
cladogram |
a tree diagram, derived by cladistic analysis, representing phylogenetic relationships among taxa |
authors of your book do not use the term Prokaryotes because: |
they believe that Archaea are more closely related to Eurkaryotes and therefore Prokaryotes are paraphyletic. |
oldest generally accepted fossils were formed _______________ years ago |
About 3.45 billion years ago. |
Kairomone |
a substance produced by an organism that affects the phenotype of another organism |
All eukaryotes contain mitochondria or are evolved from a group that contained mitochondria |
Mitochondria were once free-living bacteria that were incorporated into a eukaryotic ancestor. |
Tiktaalik differed from previously know fossil fishes such as Eusthenopteron because.... |
a. Tiktaalik had a true neck and Eusthenopteron didn’t.
Tiktaalik had flexible wrists and Eusthenopteron didn’t. |
a. amino acids
|
composed of chains of linked end to end form proteins |
Polyphenism |
differences in the phenotype caused by differences in the environment. |
mRNA |
This type of RNA molecule is produced by transcription, and it serves as the template strand for the construction of a protein |
An average human has approximately 20,000 protein coding genes. A typical gene has between....? |
between 20,000 and 2.3 million base pairs. |
The term “ploidy” refers to: |
The number of copies of unique chromosomes found in a cell.
|
Heterotopy |
A change in the location of gene expression |
Of viruses, bacteria, archea and eurkaryotes, which two groups are most closely related? |
a. Archea and Eukaryotes |
Adaptation |
a mechanism of Evolution |
Directional selection |
the increase or decreases in size or dimension of a trait |
Stabilizing selection |
favors the current value of a trait |
Artificial selection |
similar to natural selection except that it results from human activities. Such as when breeders nonrandomly choose individuals with economically favorable traits |
monophyletic group |
group is comprised of an organism or species, real or hypothesized and all of its descendants |
reaction norm |
the pattern of phenotypes expressed by one genotype across a range of environments |
when neutral alleles flow between populations |
they are invisible to selection pressure and confer no benefits |
Natural selection favors genes for mimicry if....... |
the poisonous species and the mimics ranges overlap |
Extended phenotype example.... |
A gallfly larvae secretes chemicals that alter the morphology of the golden rod stem. Depending on the genotype of the fly larva, the gall may be large or small |
Inbreeding depression occurs because.... |
deleterious recessive alleles are expressed in a homozygous state more often. |
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium |
a) no migration
b) no drift
d) no selection
e) no mutation
survival is not needed! |
Decades of selectively harvesting the largest fishes in a population will result in..... |
a. Fishes that mature at a smaller size.
b. Fishes that mature at an earlier age |
Coalescence of genes |
The process by which looking back through time the genealogy of any pair of homolgous alleles merges in a common ancestor |
Baysian methods. |
statistical methods used to determine the probability of a given tree being correct. Scientist start with a possible tree and then make small changes to its topology. They evaluate this tree, then change the tree again. After 1000’s of trials they generate a probability distribution of the different trees and converge on a set of the most likely trees. |
Neighbor joining |
distance method for reconstructing phylogenies. Scientists link the two least-distant species by joining their branches at a node. They then join this node to the next closest sequence and so on. After round after round of this procedure, a tree with the smallest possible distance and shortest branch lengths is generated. |
Boot strapping. |
statistical method where scientists select data at random from the full data set and then use the subset of information to derive the phylogeny. They use this process to generate 1000’s of possible trees. If the trees derived for these subsets of data are very different from each other it means the data offer poor support for the original tree. |
Maximum Parsimony |
method that based on the logic that that the simplest solution is also the most reasonable one. |
Why are the exon regions of protein-coding genes good for reconstructing the phylogeny of distantly-related species? |
they evolve very slowly because of purifying selection. |
Mammary glands in whales and humans |
a. are a synapomorphy for these species and other mammals.
b. were likely present in the most recent common ancestor of humans and whales.
c. are homologous traits. |
Heterotopy |
A changing in the location of gene expression |
Evolution in response to natural selection occurs if which of the following occur? |
a. Individuals differ in their expression of a trait.
b. The variation is at least partially heritable.
c. Because of the differences some individuals survive and reproduce more
effectively than others. |
main assumption of the molecular clock |
species accumulate base-pair substitutions at a roughly clock-like rate |
Synonymous substitution results in...... |
An alteration of the codon with no change in the amino acid sequence produced
No alteration of the protein produced by the gene. |
Complex adaptations. |
Snake envenomation systems are extremely complicated. They require the evolution of venoms and complicated venom delivery systems. Such complex systems that
require coexpressed traits that experience selection for a common function |
ortholog |
a homologous genes separated by a speciation event. |
Convergent evolution |
The process by which similar traits evolve in unrelated lineages |
Which of the following is not an advantage of sexual reproduction? |
It forces the two sexes to search for one another. |
Two Hox genes |
the absence of front limbs in many lineages of squamate reptiles (lizards etc) is curious because it happened so many times. What seems to be an enormously complex condition is actually the result of the interaction between? |
Which of the following is true of narrow sense heritability (h2) |
a. It is the proportion of the total phenotypic variance of a trait attributable to the additive effects of alleles. |
Epistatis |
Occurs when the effects of an allele at one genetic locus are modified by alleles at one or more other loci. |