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Biology 280: Exam 1
Plato's Idealism (3) |
1) disentangle the observable and ideal world 2) seek order through ideal generations 3)species are ideal and INVARIANT |
Aristotle's Scala Naturae (3) |
1) ordering forms in a chain towards perfection 2) recognized complexity, but things were still invariant 3) TELEOLOGICAL explanation (goal driven) |
Carl Linnaeus (4) |
1) birth of systematics (classification of species) 2) TYPOLOGICAL view (no variation) 3) binomial nomenclature 4) morphology determined species, not habitat |
Compte de Buffon (4) |
1) biological importance of a species 2) ability to reproduce with one another determines species 3) reproductive isolation = new species 4) species consistency, but acknowledged variation within species |
Jean Baptiste de Lamark (4) |
1) species are not fixed, they evolve 2) proposed branching tree instead of linear spectrum; still teleological 3) principle of use and disuse over 1 lifetime 4) inheritance of acquired characteristics possible (giraffe's long neck from stretching, passed down) 4) EPIGENETIC inheritance (bad mouse moms or good mouse moms will pass down their habits onto their children |
Karl von Baer (3) |
1) epigenesis and embryos develop form undifferentiated tissue 2) VITALISM implicate in this process 3) replaced by natural phenomena (morphogenesis) |
Baron Cuvier (2) |
1) father of modern paleontology 2) anti evolution; believed there were no intermediate species 3) catastrophist |
Charles Lyell |
geologist proponent of uniformatism |
Teleological |
goal driven idea for evolution (everything is changing to become a perfect organism) |
Typological |
no variation within species, but species is determined by morphology and not habitat |
Stratigraphy (2) |
1) Fossils found in deeper rocks are older (implies change, extinction, law of succession in terms of fossils) 2) shows how old the world is |
Catastrophism (2) |
1) major/sudden upheavals between long periods of stasis via divine intervention 2) no evolution, extinctions followed by new creations |
Uniformatism (4) |
1) gradual, constant change 2) natural forces, not divine 3) strat gaps are filled if you take in larger, world wide views 4) major influence on Darwin: the wold is extremely old and constantly changing |
Darwin's Ideas and Theories (4) |
1) transmutation (use and disuse, variation and origin of adaptation, inheritance genetically) 2)natural selection 3) species are real but can be changed 4) GRADUALISM (evolution occurs incrementally over long periods of time) |
Darwin's Observations (4) |
1) Naturalist on HMS Beagle 2)rain forest biodiversity in Brazil (shells at 12,000 ft) 3) Galapagos islands (finches = ADAPTIVE RADIATION) 4) selectively bred pigeons |
People who influenced Darwin (2) |
1) Thomas Malthus (economist; noticed humans are kept in check by disease, famine; food is the limiting force, selectively forcing) 2) Charles Lyell (earth was changing, and so the "perfect" species would always be changing too) |
Alfred Wallace (5) |
1) Darwin's competition 2) naturalist who studied organisms on islands 3) independently proposed the idea of natural selection by evolution 4) published in the same journal on the same day 5) evoked little response because he did not have enough evidence |
Richard Owen (3) |
1) Darwin Debates 2) believed in evolution but not natural selection 3)motivated by religious beliefs |
Samuel Wilberforce (3) |
1) Darwin debates public 2) English Bishop and great public speaker 3) coached by Owen's science |
Thomas Huxley (2) |
1) Darwin Debates public 2) "Darwin's Bulldog" |
Arguments against evolution (4) |
1)inheritance as a homogenizing force (blending?) 2) variation (too small of variants to be acted upon) (evaginates and invaginates) 3) geography (geographic isolation not shown well) 4) Earth's Age (too young) |
Evidence of Evolution (6) |
1) geography (similar organisms = geographically close = similar ancestor) 2) anatomy (common structure = more recent ancestor) 3) embryology (early embryos of divergent taxa = similar beginning stages in embryo) 4) fossils (step wise sequence) 5) artificial selection (domestication = change in form) 6) natural selection (unintelligent design, complex structures arise slowly) |
Adaptive Radiation |
organisms form separate species from a single ancestor depending on what niches are open (finches) |
convergent evolution |
butterflies mimicking poisonous ones to keep from being eaten |
Homology |
not necessarily functionally equivalent, but structurally similar due to common ancestry |
Analogy |
functionally equivalent but structurally dissimilar |
vestigial organs |
pelvis and hind limb in whales; still there but don't function |
biogenetic law (3) |
1) development replicates sequence of evolution in embryos 2) Earnst Haeckel came up with this idea and drew embryos 3)mechanistic understanding of evolutionary change |
Genetic Constancy |
high fidelity of genetic transmission |
Genetic Variability |
imperfect fidelity of genetic transmission |
Segregation |
allele pairs separate or segregate during gamete formation, and randomly unite at fertilization |
Mendel's Experiments |
7 years of pea plant breeding |
Independent Assortment |
allele pairs separate independently during the formation of gametes |
Allele |
one of a number of alternative forms of the same gene or same genetic locus |
Gamete |
a cell that fuses with another cell during fertilization |
Incomplete Dominance |
heterozygous ones are intermediate (pink flowers) |
Codominance |
each allele expresses a distinct effect (spotted flowers) |
What are the sources of genetic variation? (5) |
1) crossing over 2) segregation of chromosomes (greater the number of chromosomes, the greater the number of possible pairs) 3) chromosome number (have extra chromosomes duplicated) 4) chromosome structure 5) mutation (point mutation, where one nucleotide is exchanged for another) |
aneuploid and euploid |
aneuploid = one chromosome duplicated AA
euploid = entire set duplicated AAA |
chromosome structure changes (6) |
deletion, duplication, inversion, fusion, fission, translocation |
Hox Genes (2) |
1) specifies regional identity from head to tail on body axis and is arranged on the chromosome in a similar fashion 2) greater number of hox genes creates a greater complexity in the organism |
Mutations (4) |
1) coding mutations = changes within the coding sequence 2) regulatory mutations = changes in the regulation switches (3) cis regulation = around the coding or enhancer, 4) transmutations = mutations in transcription factors) |
selectionists/Darwinists (4) |
1) continuous variation 2) many genes of large effect 3) quantitative/population thinking 4) mendelian traits were rare |
mutationists/Mendelians (4) |
1) discontinuous variation 2) few genes of major effect 3) qualitative/typological thinking 4) saltation: evolution with one or few mutational steps |
NeoDarwinian Synthesis (Modern Synthesis) (3) |
1) united selectionists and mutationists 2) focused on population genetics 3) allele frequency is key, greater allele frequency differences = greater pop differences |
Gene Pool |
gametes and alleles in a population that contribute to the next generation, maintained in a predictable frequency |
Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium (3) |
1) theory of genetic equilibrium 2) based on stable allele frequencies and random mating 3) shows heredity does not involve blending and genetic variation remains constant, unless otherwise acted upon |
selection and relative fitness (2) |
1) do you survive and reproduce? 2) heterozygotes have an advantage here |
overdominance |
heterozygote has increased reproductive fitness over homozygotes |
balanced polymorphism |
persistence of two or more genotypes through selectione |
frequency dependent natural selection |
less frequent genotype is more fit relative to the more frequent version (left/right jawed fish) |
Inbreeding (3) |
1) when related individuals of similar genotype mate with each other 2) allele frequency remains unchanged 3) excess of homozygotes allows selection to act on rare recessive alleles or diseases |
Genetic Drift (3) |
1) random sampling of gene pool/generation has a large scale effect on allele frequency 2) highly dependent on pop size 3) increase in variation between pops |
Founder Effect (2) |
1) one or few generations of a small pop 2) can result in genetic bottlenecks and then explosions (the dogs and wolves) |
The Big Bang (2) |
1) "evolutionary universe" 2) constantly inflating |
Stars |
they're nuclear reactors and a critical source of elements |
Earth - History (4) |
1) Hadean (molten) 2) Archean ( 3) Proterozoic 4) Phanerozoic |
Earth - Structure |
1) Inner core 2) outer core 3) mantle 4) crust |
Big Splash Theory |
huge thing hit the Earth and an explosion shot out rock which was trapped in the Earth's gravitational pull; combined to form the moon (during Hadean) |
Geological Dating (3) |
1) relative method using fossils 2) law of superposition: old = bottom, young = top 3) phanerozoic eon only (visible life) |
Radiometric Dating |
specific age of rocks received by the half lives of the isotopes in the rocks |
Types of plate tectonics |
1) divergent (constructs oceanic lithosphere, volcanic) 2) convergent (subduction; destructive; volcanic; earthquakes) 3) transform (lateral sliding, conservative, not volcanic, earthquakes) |
prerequisites for life (4) |
1) energy source 2) critical atoms 3) stable polar solvent (H2O) 4) critical organic molecules |
Miller-Urey Experiment (3) |
1) simulated Earth at the beginning of life to see if it would have happened 2) produced 20 amino acids 3) reducing environments (amino acids similar to the experiment found in an Australian meteorite) |
Life probably began in clay because: |
1) metal sulfides and catalyze chemical reactions 2) can occur within rocks/clay 3) protect from UV 4) serves as a "concentration pocket" |
RNA predated DNA because: |
RNA served as the carrier and catalyst of info for both genotype and phenotype |
LUCA (2) |
1)last universal common ancestor 2) must have had (genetic code, protein synthesis, metabolic pathways, cell membrane) |
Three main lineages of Tree of Life |
1) U-Bacteria 2) archea (extreme condition bacteria) 3) eukaryotes |
endosymbiosis |
Eukaryotic cells evolved by ingesting prokaryotic cells (mitochondira) |
excavates |
predatory/parasitic eukaryote |
discitates |
photosynthetic/parasitic, modified mitochondria |
heterokonts |
algae, 100,000 species |
alveolates |
photosynthetic, predatory, parasitic, flattened vesicles to support cell membrane |
cercozoa |
mixotrophic (photosynthetic and predatory), good fossil record |
plantae |
free living photosynthetic, huge size diversity |
amoebozoa |
predatory, move using pseudopods |
opisthokonts |
"rear facing" flagellum, animals like us! |