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Anthro 150: Midterm
1st Cataract |
Located in the city of Aswan (Egypt) A shallow stretch of a river where the surface is broken by numerous small boulders and stones protruding from the riverbed. This location made navigation to the delta possible w/ out encountering a barrier
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A group and C group |
The first original cultures of Nubia. the A group is the oldest. |
Annual Flood |
predictable flooding
allowed Egyptians to create times which they would have the flood, sow the land, and harvest (for farmers or foragers
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AGRICULTURE |
The single factor credited with giving the opportunity to the ancient Mesopotamian cultures to develop such inventions as pottery, weaving, housing, the calendar and mathematics. |
Bevel Rim bowl |
Mesopotamian style bowl that was used for regulation during work for food basis. Originated in regulation of food (Uruk) |
Bulla/ Token |
Used for record keeping and counting. First example of writing. This allows for long distance communication. Possibly evolved at Ur. |
City |
Independent, jurisdictional district; ordinances; created by the state |
city-state |
a sovereign state comprising a city and the surrounding countryside |
Civilization |
The stage of human social development and organization which is considered most advanced. |
colonialism |
the process of exploring and maintaining colonies in one territory by another country |
Complexity vs. Simplicity |
-hunters and gatherers vs modern industrial society |
Conspicuous consumption |
Display of riches |
craft specialization |
production that exceeds the needs of the household or kin group |
Cuneiform |
wedge-shaped writing usually produced using a stylus and clay tablets. |
Cylinder Seals |
Small cylinder, round hollow and the exterior has designs. The picture had a seal of administration would use. We see that they used the clay as signature or rule and prestige. |
Domestication |
the process of converting wild animals or wild plants into forms that humans can care for and cultivate
adaption for human use |
Giza Plateau |
Location of Great Pyramids |
Halaf |
7000-6000 BCE lay foundation of agriculture & pottery production. Begining of export.
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hassuna |
1st development towards meso civ.
pottery, northern tigris |
samara |
centralized, social hierarchy (warfare & wealth) |
hierarchy |
A social group arranged in ranks or classes. |
Hierakonpolis |
4000-3000 BC
Africa
Major center of predynastic Egypt |
Ideology |
The thoughts and beliefs that reflect the social needs and aspirations of an individual or an ethnocultural group |
imperialism |
The extension of the power of a nation through direct or indirect control of the economic and political life of other territories. |
Irrigation |
The use of connected ditches, canals, or pipes to move water to dry areas |
Jericho |
- earliest known neolithic villages
-2,000 residents
-built walls and a moat around the city |
Long Distance Trade |
Enables cities to interact and share ideas of politics. It increased interaction amongst many people it also enabled cultures to further develop with architecture and other social ideals.
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Mastaba |
Rectangular burial monument in ancient Egypt. |
mesopotamia |
-unstable flooding
-land between 2 rivers
-sumerians
-canal and dykes
-super cities
-sig- self-governed city-states |
The Middle Kingdom |
2050- 1700 B.C.E.
-increase in trade with other regions, including mesopotamia
-growing belief in life after death
-rather than building great pyramids the kings undertook vast irrigation and land reclamation projects
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Monumental Architecture |
part of social stratification; required aspect of civilization |
Narmer |
king who combined crowns of Upper and Lower Egypt |
Neolithic |
- Domestication
- intro to pottery (1st time)
- specialized stone tool technology
- specialized grinding instraments |
Nubia |
Region south of the first cataract in the Nile |
Old Kingdom
|
* pyramid age - only during OK
* Memphis was the capital
* Pharaoh looked upon as: Mean and to be afraid of |
Pharaoh |
god-kings of Egypt, directly responsible for the people; connected the people to the gods |
Predynastic Ivory Tags |
used as a method of accounting for resources and taxes etc. Indicates who sent what and how much.
used to catalogue kings riches |
Prestige goods |
Luxuries
Show social rank
Status markers |
Pyramid |
A resting place for kings of the Old Kingdom after death
advanced architechure |
Redistributive Economy |
A central authority takes money from the people and redistributes it back to the people in a different way. |
Religion |
Universal
Definition: A people's beliefs about & relations with the sacred or transcendent, however locally defined
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Royal Tombs at Ur |
2700-2350 BCE
leadership, faith, & culture accomplishments
people were buried alive with Kings & Queens
faith was taken very serious
tombs were room networks
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Saqqara |
evidence that first pyramids developed here in dynasty 3
-dynasty 2 kings buried here
-first step pyramid |
secondary state |
emerges on the fringes of where the primary state is taking place
external influence important but is muted by what is happening internally
|
sedentism |
settled life in villages |
Standardized Measurements |
size of pottery
weights & mass (scales were regulated by state)
brick sizes/measurements to create temples
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State-level society |
1. Centralized political power
2. Social classes
3. Occupational specialization
4. Coercive military or police force
5. Official religion to legitimize ruler
6. Multiple levels of decion making
7. Writing or complex record keeping
8. Urban centers controlling periphery
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Sumer |
-3500 BCE- contains numerous city-states
-Kings were originally military chiefdom, began to claim they were made King because of Gods Choice
-Priests, Merchants, Workers, Slavery
-Tigris and Euphrates River
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Surplus |
Product inventory increases against a decreasing demand |
technologies of social control |
... |
territorial |
Prone to defining and defending areas of sleep, eating exercise and play |
Ubaid pottery |
7,000 - 6,000 B.P.
first discovered at the site of Tell el-Ubaid
associated with advanced chiefdoms and the earliest states in Mesopotamia
|
Uruk |
-1stSumerian city-state that served as a religious center
-had tons of immigration
-birthplace of writing |
Writing |
Early examples are codices and hieroglyphics.
Very useful archaeological examples that help reveal the past
|
ziggurat |
massive structures built in the ancient Mesopotamian valley
having the form of a terraced step pyramid of successively receding stories or levels |
Key Characteristics of Civilizations |
complex institutions
advanced cities
specialized workers
record keeping
advanced technology
|
social function of monumental architecture |
gives impression of power to people in city, to surrounding leaders
-makes people feel safe
-gives message to other leader |
Theories of Origins of First Civilizations |
1. First Civilizations had their roots in the Agricultural Revolution
2. First Civilizations tended to develop from earlier, competing chiefdoms that already had some social rank and economic specialization
3. process was gradual and evolutionary
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Origins and functions of writing in Mesopotamia; Who was literate? What were written documents used for in different periods? |
Uruk: proto-cuneiform and later clay tokens and bullae, first used as a way of measuring exchanges
used to keep records of the flow of goods (who was giving/recieving); less than 5% of people literate so those who are literate control/have access to information
|
Why did some cultures choose NOT to adopt the technology of writing |
... |
Nubia and the Empire of Egypt |
Egypt control ended by 1200 BCE but trading, political, and economic influence in the region continued for centuries. controlled Nubia till 1050 BCE when it broke free and helped end the New Kingdom of Egypt. 3 centuries later Nubia captured Egypt and remained strong rulling over Egypt its first capital at Napata and later Nereo, while Egypt fell into decline
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Middle Kingdom - Political Organization |
-Pharaoh did not have the supreme authority we saw in the Old Kingdom
-Instead, more Feudal |
Old Kingdom Egypt - political organization |
the gods-the king (pharaoh)-the vizier-administrators-nomarchs-people;
political stability,
high degree of centralization
|
domestication: implications |
involves shifting strategies, needs, cultural preferences
tremendous and sustainable population growth
surplus: trade items, occupational specialization
foundations for civilizations
|
what came along with the rise of states? |
long distance trade
organization
warfare
irrigation |
where was sumer? |
mesopotamia |
what is important in ur???? |
the tombs |
what is pastoralism? |
nomads with domesticated animals |
what group was the first and middle kingdom? |
C |
before old, what was the group? |
A |
old kingdom gorup |
pastorlism |