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LAND 2510: Test 1
asymmetry |
lack of equivalence |
axis |
the center of specific area at which the whole city revolves around |
boundaries |
the edges of an area where its coverage stops |
cosmology |
a general description of the origin, structure, and space-time relationships of the world or universe |
cosmos |
an understanding of the world that makes sense"; an orderly, harmonious, systematic universe |
culture |
the integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief, and behavior that is passed |
environment |
the circumstance, objects, or conditions in which something is surrounded (no humans needed) |
landscape |
a picture representing a view of natural inland scenery (has to have a human) |
history |
the study of people and events of the past |
pilgrimage |
journey to a sacred place to religious purposes |
site furnishings |
furnishings- trash receptacles, benches, etc.
hardscape- inanimate elements such as brick, concrete, etc.
softscape- living plants |
repetition of elements/ rhythms |
ordering- can suggest direction to walk etc. |
Social Class |
economic or cultural arrangements of groups in society. |
spatial organization |
the location of places, people, and events, and the connections among places and landscapes |
topography |
the variation in elevation of the land surface |
Vegetation |
Plants found in a particular area |
water feature |
fountains, pools, cascades,
irrigation systems, streams, ponds, or lakes. |
animism |
the belief that all objects in the world have spirits |
Archetype |
(n) an original model after which similar things are patterned; a perfect or typical example |
axis mundi |
universal axis that aligns the levels of the cosmos |
Celestial alignment |
correlation of stars through structures on earth that cultures built. |
Chthonic |
pertaining to the underworld |
Circular time |
The awareness that life is governed by the rising and setting of sun, the phases of the moon, and the seasons of the year |
deity |
pertaining to a god or goddess, divinity |
Dreamtime |
According to Austrailian Aborigines, a sacred time when everything that exists today was created |
earthwork |
a work of art made for specific place using natual materials found there especisally in the earth itself |
Effigy |
an image or statue; a figure made to represent someone who is disliked |
genius loci |
spirit of the place. Often thought of as spirit of a guardian. |
glyph |
-a graphic symbol that provide the appearance or form for a character. A glyph can be an alphabetic or numeric font or some other symbol that pictures an encoded character. |
grove |
n. a group of trees growing together with open space between them |
henge |
a circular area enclosed by stones or wood posts set up by neolithic peoples it is usually bounded by a ditch and raised embankement |
linear time |
past,present future;used to describe the sociological movement of time in cultures wherby the time clock method is not part of their cultural |
megalith |
a very large stone comprising part or whole of a structure or monument |
obelisk |
a tapering, four-sided shaft of stone, usually monolithic |
oral culture |
culture with no writing and no technology for recording messages apart from fact to face interactions |
petroglyph |
image carved into or pecked out of rock face |
pictogram |
writing symbol that represents an object |
pyramid |
a polyhedron with a polygon as a base and triangular lateral faces; burial tomb for Eqyptian kings |
sacred center |
mountain, cave, riverhead, spring, tree |
Songlines |
songs that link ancestral beings and features of the world (which were named and sung into existence by the ancestral beings) |
symbol |
using an object that means something more than its literal meaning |
temple |
the place to offer sacrifice to god |
Ziggurat |
a massive stepped tower on which was built a temple dedicated to the chief god or goddess of a Sumerian city |
Acropolis |
Athens originated as a Neolithic acropolis, or city on a hill ("high city"). The flat-topped hill that was the original site of the city later served as a fortress and religious sanctuary. As the city grew, the Acropolis became the religious and ceremonial center devoted primarily to the goddess Athena. The city of Athens was sacked by Persians (482 BC); when the Greeks regained control of the Aegean (479 BC), Pericles laid claim to the war fund kept on the island of Delos.
|
agora |
An open area that served as a place where people could assemble and as a market. |
Archaic Greece |
800-479
•Homer
•Hesiod
•Writing
•Beginning of drama
•Rise of the city-state (polis)
•Development of art and architecture
|
Classical Greece |
A 200-year period in Greek history typically dated from the end of the
Persian Wars (c. 480 BCE) to the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BCE. |
Demos |
Goverment by the people. |
greek gymnasiam |
Outdoor recreational for training (body or mind) |
Hellenism |
greek culture (and the spread/influence of it) |
Herm |
Small pilar, human head, erect phallus
Boundary markers, used to ward off intruders |
Minoan civilization |
a bronze-aged civilization that arose on the island of Crete and came to dominate the shores and islands of the Aegean Sea. Rediscovered at the turn of the 20th century |
Mycenean Civilization |
1700-1100 BC
-borrowed their writing system, Linear B, from Mionoans
Mukenai: center of culture and power (near the gulf of Corinth on the Peloponnesian Pennisula)
-Battled the Trojan People of Asia Minor and sacked Troy in 1300 BC
-German archeologist Heinrich Schlemann claims to have found the death mask of Agamemnon at Mycenae
|
panathenaic games
|
Cyclical religious rites such as the Panathenaia Procession
and other religious festivals and athletic events served to
unify the empire politically and culturally, and renew the ties
between Athens and the outlying “demes.”
|
Polis |
A city-state in ancient Greece, esp. as considered in its ideal form for philosophical purposes |
Propylaeum |
the entrance building of a sacred precinct, whether church or imperial palace. |
sacred grove |
a grove of trees with religious importance, usually associated with the temenos of a
Greek sanctuary. |
The Sacred Way |
Switchback path leading to the Temple of Apollo at Delphi, meant to engage pilgrims with the landscape. |
stadium |
a site and a structure for staging athletic events. |
Temenos |
separate sacred space that was for the elite
-Athens example: the city became wealthier and more powerful so the need for the acropolis as a citadel waned and it became the temenos |
Atrium |
An unroofed interior courtyard or room in a Roman house, sometimes having a pool or garden, sometimes surrounded by columns. Also: the open courtyard in front of a Christian church |
cardo |
the name for a north-south street in the roman grid system |
centuriation |
method of land measurement used by the Romans. Characterized by the use of surveyor's instruments to make a grid. |
Cistern |
A small tank (usually covered) or a storage facility used to store water for a home or farm. Often used to store rainwater. |
decumanus |
east-west street on the roman grid layout |
Forum |
A public open space in the middle of a roman city |
hortus |
garden
horticulture |
Imperial Rome |
Mark Anthony and Cleopatra vs. Octavius, also known as Augustus
Fought for power in Rome and Augustus won.
Augustus made lots of cultural advancements - in the arts and literature
Reformed the army and made it stronger
Economy Expanded
|
Impluvium
|
The rainwater basin in the center of an atrium in a Roman house. |
peristyle garden |
a garden at the back of a Roman house, surrounded by a single row of columns |
Republican Rome |
[509-27 BCE]
Explores space, documents history with portraiture, narrative stories, and emulates the Greeks, axial plan, private & public separate, aqueducts, |
roman kingdom |
period of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a monarchical form of government of the city of Rome and its territories.
-There are nearly no written records from that time survive, and the histories about it were written during the Republic and Empire and are largely based on legend. City's founding dated to 753 BC
|
tablinum |
the main reception room off the atrium in an elegant Roman house |
vestibule |
a small entrance hall or passage between the outer door and interior of a house or building |
villa marittima |
a seaside villa, often used primarily as a vacation resort |
villa rustica |
"Countryside Villa" Huge estates with many slaves. affects pastoral quality. Large growing population of slaves. Often hub of large agricultural estate (latifundia) |
Villa Suburbana |
literally 'suburban villa,' refers to a pleasure estatee beyond the city walls of a Renaissance Roman aristocrat (i.e. Agostino Chigi's Villa Farnesina) |
villa urbana |
House where the owner and his family
lived. Architecturally it was similar to a
wealthy person’s city house. |
Arabesque |
Literally, "Arabian-like". A flowing, intricate pattern derived from stylized organic motifs, usually floral, often arranged in symmetrical palmette designs; generally, an Islamic decorative motif |
char bagh (chahar bagh) |
four part garden divided by water channels. used in Mughal funerary architecture to evoke the idea of paradise. |
Bagh |
garden |
Caliph |
Successor to Mohammad; secular, political, and religious ruler in Islam beginning with Mohammad's death in 632 CE. |
Caliphate |
The 3 "rightly guided" caliphs that took over after Muhammad and used Muhammad's life ad an example on how to rule |
Eden |
is the biblical "garden of the gods" described mostly in the book of Genesis Procession |
Elysium |
"the Elysium fields" the final resting places for the souls of the heroic and the victorious |
Elysion Field/ Isles of the Blessed |
This is a paradise in the far West Greek afterlife. This paradise is only for a select number of heroes like Menelaus. |
irrigation canal |
a waterway, often man-made or enhanced, built for the purpose of carrying water from a source such as a lake, river, or stream, to soil used for farming or landscaping. |
furrow irrigation |
gravity used to deliver water |
Islamic Empire |
The empire Muhammad started
Had control of trade routes
They wanted to win wealth
They wanted to Spread faith
They tried to unite people |
minaret |
a tall slender tower usually attached to a mosque and surrounded by a balcony from which the muezzin summons muslims to prayer |
Mughal Empire |
One of the most successful empire of India, a state founded by Muslim Turks who invaded India in 1526; their rule was noted for efforts to create partnerships between Hindus and Muslims. |
Muslim Agricultural Revolution |
This period of agricultural innovation from the 8th to the 13th century led to the diffusion throughout the Islamic world of new farming techniques as well as new goods including coffee. sugarcane, and citrus fruits.
|
Noria |
Ancient. Waterwheel run by flow of water of animal power |
Pairidaeza (paradise) |
"garden" in Persian language. It has same roots to ours. Gardens were associated with holy places. |
qanat |
gently sloping underground channel or tunnel constructed to lead water from the interior of a hill to a village below |
reflecting pool |
a water feature found in gardens, parks, and at memorial sites. It usually consists of a shallow pool of water, undisturbed by fountain jets, for a calm reflective surface. |
Safavid Empire |
established in 14th century in Persia (Iran)
named for Sufi Sail-al-Din
Mostly Shiites; also called Red Heads (headgear)
Fought Ottomans at Chaldiran in August 1514 trying to spread Shia-lost
provided competition for the Ottomans/spread Shia
|
ummah |
community united by faith, goal of the Qu'ran |
windmill |
where rivers were not available farmers would use windmills to produce power. |
barbarian invasions |
migrations of entire Germanic peoples into the Wes of the of Roman Empire from the 3rd to the 7th centuries CE. |
Middle Ages |
Period between the collapse of the Roman Empire, about A.D.500, and the begining of the Modern Age, about A.D. 1500 |
rill |
a tiny groove in soil (or concrete) cut by flowing water |
runnel |
a narrow channel for the transport of water, frequently found in an Islamic garden |
Omphalos |
A stone at Delphi representing the naval of the earth |
hestia |
sacred hearth |