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PHIL 1273: ETHICS EXAM 1
Moral psychology |
it does not change the way we think about what actions are right and wrong, it is the way that we already think |
moral architecture |
-putting things into context where it is hard to do the unethical thing/easier to do the right thing
-not "inside" the mind (proper motivations) but an environment in which we operate and influences our internal processes |
Kahneman |
thinks we need both system 1 and system 2 in order to make moral decisions |
system 1 |
automatic, impulsive, problems occur because we default to this |
system 2 |
rational, requires concentration, can train mind to think a certain way |
Social proof |
judging proper social behavior off of the actions of others, pressure to fit in even if the actions are unethical |
self-serving bias |
people seek out confirmation instead of disconfirming evidence in order to fit their beliefs (tobacco company) |
obedience to authority |
blindly follow instructions by those in authority (Stanley Milgram) |
Toby Groves Case |
"If you're making a business decision, you are significantly more likely to lie than if you were thinking from an ethical frame"
-realized company was in major debt, so he took out an air loan and needed help from employees who complied |
Goal of utilitarians |
maximize utility and happiness |
Mill |
believes utility is about quality (higher/lower pleasures) not quantity |
Bentham |
believes in theory that "all pleasures are equal". (the more people happier the better) |
deontological ethics |
freedom and rights are very important to this type of ethics |
hedonism |
liking pleasure and hating pain |
Kant |
-basis for morality is to do something out of duty
-believes that emotions should not matter and are not a basis for morality (doing something because its your duty, not because of your emotions)
-understands reason to be a good thing because we are rational beings |
duty based ethics |
look for the motive/intention to see if it is morally good or bad |
categorical imperative |
tests to see if an action is moral by;
-universalize maxims
-treating people as ends not means |
universalize maxims |
see if it applies to everyone and if it is still morally correct, then it is okay |
Ends not means |
treating people with respect |
autonomy |
-use reason in order to not be controlled by outside forces
-our status as free beings-- not determined by nature |
heteronomy |
-an outside or inside force that you cannot control (laziness)
-no psychological impulses, even nice ones |
virtue ethics |
we talk about people and their character when we talk about morality |
aristotles theory |
habit and inclination is important because you form good habits and habits of courageous behavior and then you won't have to think about virtue because they will come naturally |
telelogical |
-means having an end
-habits help you get to that end
-ex. collie |