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PSY 12000:Exam Two
Sources of Motivation
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Biological-Need for food, H2O, sex, temperature regulation.
Emotional-Panic, love, fear, anger, hatred.
Cognitive-Perceptions, beliefs, expectations.
Social-Parents, teachers, siblings, friends, media.
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Fixed action pattern
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innate biological force that predispose to behave in certain way
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instincts in humans
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much is learned
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Drive
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psychological state in response to a physiological need
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Homeostasis
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The tendency of the body to maintain a steady state.
optimal way to function
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Arousal
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a blend of psychological and psychological activation, varying in intensity along a continuum
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Incentive
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behavior--> to attain desirable stimuli and avoiding unwanted stimuli
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Achievement
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Internal drive or need for achievement. varies among individuals
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Intrinsic motivation
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Behavior guided by rewards inherent to the activity itself ( seems to be entirely self motivated)
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Maslows Hierarchy of Needs
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Physilogical
safety
love and belongingness
esteem
self-actualization
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Emotions
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Body response
expressive reaction
subjective experience
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Body Response
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arousal: increased blood pressure, heart rate, muscle tension
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Expressive Reaction
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Facial expression, body posture, acting out, vocalization
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Subjective Experience
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feeling of happiness... etc
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Defining characteristics of emotions
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Temporary
Positive or Negative
Triggered b,y thoughts
Alter thought process
Trigger Action Tendency
Passions that happen to you
-decision to act or not action
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Limbic System
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can interpret facial expressions
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Pyramidal vs. Motor System
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voluntary
extrapyramidal motor system involuntary
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facial feedback hypothesis
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the theory of emotion proposing that specific facial expressions trigger the subjective experience of specific emotions
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arousal positive and negative aspects
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Positive: adaptive
negative: task performance negatively affected when too high or too low
memory may be impaired
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Six Basic Facial Emotions
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Happy
Sad
Anger
Disgust
Fear
Surprise
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Subjective experience: disgust
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is adaptive and learned
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Theories of Emotion: common sense
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Stimulus > subjective experience > body response
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James-Lange
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arousal comes before emotion
example: heart races then you shake with fright (fear)
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Cannon-Bard
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same time (specific physiological state= experience of fear)
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Two-Factor
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cognitive interpretation of body reaction drives emotion
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Satiety
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lack of desire to eat
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Set point
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The portion of body fat that tends to be maintained by changes in hunger and eating, metabollic rate
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Adiposity Signals
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Leptin and Insulin levels are proportional to body fat and energy balance.
Leptin and Insulin regulate food intake and modulate effects of satiety factors.
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Side effects of obesity
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Diabetes
cardovascular disease
hypertension
some cancers
sleep apnea
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Conventional weight loss approach
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-gradual weight loss of 1-2 pounds a week
-moderate restriction of caloric and fat intake
-increase in energy expenditure through physical activity
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Sexual Response Cycle
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Excitement
Plateau
Orgasm
Resolution
refractory phase only in males
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Biology of sex
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female(estrogen)
male(androgen)
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Sexually dimorphic areas
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area of brainn different between males and females. influenced by hormones
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Activational effects
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during period, puberty. estrogen and androgens stimulate sexual interest. androgens stimulate male sexual interest
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social psychology
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the area of psychology that focuses on how people think about other people and interact in relationships and groups.
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Solomon Asch
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Conformity experiments
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conditions that strengthen conformity
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-one is made to fell incompetent or insecure
-the group has at least 3 ppl
-the group is unanimous
-one admires the group's status and attractiveness
-one has no prior commitment or response
-the group observes one behavior
-ones culture strongly encourages respect for social standards
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Normative Social Influence
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Influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or aviod disapproval
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informational social influence
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look to other people for info causing you to change your beliefs
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mindless conformity
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a change in behavior or attitude brought about by a desire to follow the beliefs or standards of others [most indirect]
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Chameleon Effect
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nonconscious
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Milgram
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practiced obedience by using shocks to innocent subject to see if they would obey him
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Zimbardo
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Set up mock prison at Stanford (to see why prisoners felt they were treated terribly by the guards/warden). All the students knew the role they were playing , some were prisoners, some guards, Zimbardo was the warden. Soon they began to act in their roles without even trying and knowing that it was just a role play--led to violence, depression of the prisoners, authoritarianism of the guards.
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Pluralistic ignorance
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others arent helping so help probably isnt needed(see others)
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Social Inhibition
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fear of standing out, making a mistake, overblwing situation(be seen by others)
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diffusion of responsibility
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not my responsibility( dont have to see others)
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Power of the Situation
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Situations can often determine behavior regardless of one's personality/individual difference.
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Social Cognition/Social Thinking
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How we process information relating to other people
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Fritz Heider - Attribution Theory
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People usually attribute others' behavior either to internal dispositions or to their external situations. Internal (Personality). External (Social Pressure).
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Dispositional attribution
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- we are identifying the cause of an action as something in the person, such as a trait or a motive.
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Situational attribution
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because of situation
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Measuring Attitudes
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Explicit: ask someone there feelings
Implicit: IAT, Bogus Pipeline (can't be controlled)
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mind/body problem
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are the mind and body separate and distinct, or is the mind simply the physical brain's subjective experience?
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Hippocrates Humoral Theory
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Idea of four bodily humors, or fluids: fluids related to personality types
disease when unbalanced
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How does one achieve "humoral balance"
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have good diet and avoid excess. be healthy
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Galen's Germ Theory
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200 AD
disease is caused by a pathogen, a foreign agent that disrupts the normal operation of the body
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dualism
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the mind and body are interacting together but are distinct entities (interactionism in the pineal gland)
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Biomedical model of illness
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way of thinking about a topic
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Characteristics of Biomedical Model: Dualistic
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Physical & psychosocial are separate
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mechanistic
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type of model that conceives human beings as operating like machines, as a collection of parts
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Reductionistic
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focuses soley on one disease or physical system
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How is health defined by the biomedical model
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the absence of disease
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The illness/wellness continuum
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premature death at one end and high level wellness on the other
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What is the biopsychosocial model of illness?
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basically a collection of all factors including environment, psychological factors, and biological factors that are interrelated and produce changes in the others
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Why did we switch from the biomedical model to the biopsychosocial model of illness
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1. Changing patterns of illness. industrialized world
2. escalating cost of health care
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The alameda County Study of the 1960s healthy behaviors
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sleep 7-8 hours
eat breakfast
rarely snacking
at/near prescribed weight
no smoking
use of alcohol
regular physical activity
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Things that affect physcial health
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lifestyle, social, personality, beliefs
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Comprehensive definition of stress
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negative emotional experience accompanied by bodily behavioral thinking changes directed toward changing
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Parsimonious definition of stress
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state in which demands of environment exceed resources of individual
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Walter Cannon
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* Early 20th century physiology
* developed cannon-bard theory of emotion
* developed the fight or flight theory
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Specific stressor
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will change degree of response
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Selye and General Adaption Syndrome: Non specific response
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same regardless of stressor
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Selye and General Adaption Syndrome: alarm
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organism becomes mobilized to meet threat
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Selye and General Adaption Syndrome: resistance
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makes effort to cope or deal with threat
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Selye and General Adaption Syndrome: exhaustion
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occurs if organism fails to overcome threat and depletes physiological resources in trying
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What makes events stressful
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negativity, lack of control, ambiguity, overwhelming quantity, relative centrality
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Measuring Stress
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