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Neospara Caninum
Spread by faeces from dog to cattle. More common in dairy than beef. Fetus gets infected after it has been consumed and causes abortion (major kind).
Leptospirosis
zoonosis, cause by bacterium, sits in kidney and infects humans through urine. Bacteria enters through breaks in skin or mucous. Leads to jaundice
T.B.
Zoonosis, mycobacterium bovis, lives 6 weeks in faeces, detect for lesions. Spread from ferrets and possums. Transmitted from inhalation, ingestion, and congenital.
Johne's Disease
Wasting disease, effects ruminants. Intestines thicken which leads to no nutrient absorption. Get infected by faeces, can survive in damp shady places. No effective treatment.
Quality
welfare, nutrition/condition, handling, pH-->color, nutritional value, perception of condition
Condition Scoring
1-no fat no muscle 2-spine not as prominent, muscle is fuller, little fat cover 3-bones only felt by pressing firmly, well covered 4-hard to detect bones, fat covered muscle 5-too much fat over full muscle, cannot detect vertebrae
HACCP
Hazard action critical control point, in charge of eliminating hazards. Create action plan to handle situation.
Hazards
Chemical - environmental, management Biological - disease, contamination Physical - management Perception - ensure safe animal handling
Farm Assurance Program
alliance group - demand products fresh produced under welfare practices Company managed farm assurance - assure alliance groups that they met their welfare and safety standards.
5 Freedoms
-From hunger, thirst, and malnutrition -Appropriate shelter and comfort -Prevention/diagnosis/treatment of injury, disease or parasites -From distress -Display normal patterns of behavior
NAIT tags
national animal identification tag, important for disease outbreaks/movement of stock
Health
Physical, mental, social well being
Disease
abnormality of structure with clinical signs
Estrus
20-30 days after calving
BVD
bovine virus diarrhea, caused by virus. Can cause abortion and stillborn.
Induced Abortion
bring calving dates forward, use corticoids, prosteglandins complications - high calf death, low conception rates, low milk yield
Soundness of Animals
capacity test, palpation, semen test
Facial Exczema
skin lesion around lightly pigmented skin from fungicide cause- spore in grass, knocks liver out treatment - add zinc to water
Scabby Mouth
zoonosis, from handling animals, papules, vesicles, pustules treatment - vegetable oil
QA
quality assurance, convince the consumer that product is safe and produced ethically.
Bactoscan Test
a lot of bacteria in milk cause - poor plant/silo cleaning, damaged rubberware or inadequate milk cooling
Thermodurics Test
test during oct-april, can effect milks shelf life. Cannot kill with heat. Lives under fat, proteins, inside cracked rubber, or bulk milk tanks. Environmental contamination can occur
Coliform Test
lives in intestines, passed out in faeces, smells, killed by hot water, can multiply rapidly in greater than 7 degrees C. Causes spoilage of milk can be caused by dirty udders, dirty filter, and contaminated water.
QM
Prevention and risk management. Monthly plant checks, sections for all records, follow procedure manual. Prevent quality failure, address consumers concerns. Since Started - reduction of downgrades, consider market requirements
Inhibitory Substances
inhibits organism growth antibiotics - intramammary, injections, pills drug, drenches, sanitizers, and pesticides *antibiotics can kill bacteria used to make cheese from milk, and create immunity in humans.
Vax/Disease Records
when, batch #, dosage amount, animals treated, which drug, who administered, date animal purchased/sold.
Farm Quality
-clean stock of mud faeces, food before transportation -free from drug residue -free from injuries/bites
Diseases
TB Leptospirosis Facial Exczema Neospora Caninum BVD Scabby Mouth Johne's Disease White Muscle Disease
Milk Test
Bactoscan Thermodurics Coliform Inhibitory Substance Somatic Cell Count
Biological Hazards
disease, contamination
Chemical Hazards
environmental, management
Physical Hazards
management
Perception Hazards
ethical treatment to animals
White Muscle Disease
Selenium deficiency in animals. Can cause stiff or arched back
Kano Model
Classified depending on ability to create consumer satisfaction. Basic - must be right because expected Performance - efficient Wow - unique, selling point
Campylobacteriosis
Causes abortion in sheep spread from sheep-sheep contact
Toxoplasmosis
Causes abortion in sheep Transmitted from cat faeces Zoonosis
Tuberculosis
Zoonosis Transmitted by: inhalation, ingestion, cogenital Forms abcesses and lesions Can live up to 6 weeks in faeces Prevention: Tuberculin (TB) Test to detect infected animals (+) animals must be slaughtered
Parasites
Internal and External Internal: Ostertagia, roundworm, liver fluke, tapeworms External: lice, ticks
Anthelmintic
Oral drench/injection/pour on to reduce amount of faecal egg counts of a parasite -Benzimadazols -Avermictin -Levamisole
Drench Resistance
Occurs because drenching happens too frequently. Parasites evolve and adapt to build resistance and continue to lay eggs inside the animal.
Liverfluke
Sit inside the ducts of liver and blocks the galbladder from releasing its juices. Infect snails which sit on grass. Prevention: use flukacide and reduce snail population
Flystrike
External Parasite that thrives in damp warm places on the body of sheep (marino), usually in the rolls/folds on the butt. Mulesing - cut off skin around butt and tail so skin grows back tight and there are less folds. *welfare issues
Selenium Deficiency
Needed for growth, production and reproduction. Can inject it, use as a drench with Se salts or put Se in water for consumption
Cobalt Deficiency
It is converted into vitamin B12 Can cause anemia, loss of appetite, eye discharge, and white liver disease Give oral dose, Co bullet, Vit. B12 injection, pasture application
Innate Immunity
1st line defense Ex: skin, lytic fluids Keeps foreign substances away/out Biological Barrier: inflammation and phagocytosis Chemical Barrier: lytic enzymes, mucous, immunoglobin Physiological Barrier: temperature and pH
Phagocytosis
White blood cells attach to bacteria and release lytic substances and engulfs bacter
Inflammation
Response to harmful stimuli Redness: increase blood supply to affected area Swelling: increase in blood capillary porosity, blood vessels cause flow of fluid to extra vascular space Pain: pressure on nerve endings and irritation from chemicals
Active Immune System
2nd line of defense Cells recognize foreign antigens T&B Cells multiply and stored in immune system B Cells produce antibodies to fight antigens
Clostradial Diseases
A disease that is naturally in the soil and GI tract Can cause rapid death usually Gram +, spore forming and anaerobic Ex: Gas Gangrene, Clostridium Perfingens, Botulism
Mastitis
Major loss for dairy production Transferred in milking machines (cups) Treatment: antibiotics, penicilian, tetracycline Use Milk Tests to detect it
Exotic Diseases
Are reportable, notifiable, and restricted in labs Ex: Foot and Mouth Disease, Mad Cow, H5N1
Foot and Mouth Disease
Nationwide endemic can be transmitted in the air, machinery, vehicles, animals and fomites Causes blisters and ulcers near mouth, foot and teats Highly morbid Treatment: Slaughter Prevention: kill animals within radius and "disinfect" every vehicle
Mad Cow Disease
Also known as BSE and TSE Hard to diagnose and can only examine in the brain once dead. Causes: virus, prion (heat resistant) Maternal Transmission Prevention: No bovine embryos allowed in NZ
H5N1
Avian Influenza Causes mortality Transmitted by migratory birds
Velvetting
Immature Bone and Skin Removed every 2 months Grows from tips of antlers Give anesthetics and analgesics Cut off at pedicle

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