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COMM 316: FINAL
Conflict |
perceived or real incompatibiliy of goals, values, expectations, processes or outcomes between 2 or more interdependent people or groups
-problem: interdependent means they depend on each other
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pacifism |
avoidance or dealing with conflict indirectly, non-resistance
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social movements
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individuals work together to bring social change
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anti-americanism
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ideas, feelings, and sometimes actions against USA
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3 characteristics of intercultural conflict??
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ambiguity - not sure how to handle, if it exists, how other person views it
- causes resorting to default style of handling conflict
language issues - language, nonverbals, silence
contradictory conflict styles - differences how we handle conflict
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5 conflict types
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affective
conflict of interest
value
cognitive
goal
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affective
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peoples feelings and emotions incompatible
ex: one person in love while other wants to be friends
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conflict of interest
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people's preference for a course of action or plan to pursue are incompatible
ex: parents split; one wants kid to go to university other wants comm college
SAME GOAL BUT DIFFERENT METHOD
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value
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people have different ideologies
ex: religious based or political based
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cognitive |
people's thought processes or perceptions are in conflict
ex: one thinks the other person is flirting the other believes it is being friendly
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goal
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people disagree on outcome
ex: parents want college, kid wants to join army
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where does conflict come from? what's it related to?
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family background -- learned in childhood, default, usually how we manage our self image
cultural background
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2 approaches to conflict
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direct/indirect
emotional expressiveness/restraint
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direct/indirect
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direct - work through problems, say what is on mind, productive
indirect - destructive, disturb peace, pacifism, adhere to group consensus, vague ambiguous, no blame
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emotional expressiveness/restraint
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expressiveness - overt display of emotion (individualistic)
restraint - calm internalize feelings (collectivistic)
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4 intercultural conflict resolution
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look at tables
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3 things influence cultural differences in conflict resolution styles
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whether region has historically been homogeneous and isolated from others
influence of colonization
influence of immigration
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productive vs destructive conflict
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look at table
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3 other sources of intercultural conflict
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social forces - unequal, unjust social relationships between groups
economic forces - blaming cultural groups for poor economy
historical/political forces - border disputes due to historical claim, conflict becomes part of national identity, anti-americanism
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colonial educational system
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colonial power imposes its own educational goals and systems on colonized space
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international student
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study in a country other than one's home country
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study abroad programs
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educational experiences enabling students to study in another country
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reverse discrimination
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policies that disadvantage white people and/or men
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3 intercultural educational experiences
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international student
study abroad
US unverisities offer foreign lang
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top 5 students to come to USA
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india, china, south korea, japan, canada
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people who study abroad from USA which race/sex
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82% caucasian
7% asian
6% hispanic
65% women
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top 5 countries people from USA study in
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top 5 countries people from USA study in
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US univ foreign lang changes
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INCREASE arabic, japanese, korean
DECREASE spanish, french, german
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morill act of 1862
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gave land to each state based on number of senators or reps they had in congress
land grants
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historically black colleges how many excluded blacks
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17 states (south)
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morrill act of 1890
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required state to show race was not an admission criteria, or designate a separate land grand school for black ppl
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native american colleges
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pre-1934 tried to eradicate it and set native kids to white boarding schools off reservation
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dime college
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1st of 37 tribal colleges
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initially for white women colleges
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mississippi univ for women 1884 (1984 let men)
originially missippi industrial instit and college for white girls
1st tax payer assisted college for women in the US
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initially for white men college
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georgia tech 1885 (1952 let women)
1961 (let black)
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religious colleges and univ
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stonehill - catholic
brigham young - mormon
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diff educational goals??
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what is needed to advance differs by culture
taught to see world from our cultures point of view
our particular ways of knowing differ by culture (Science, religion, authority, tradition)
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colonial educational systems
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colonial power imposes its own educational goal and systems on colonized people
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FERPA US family educational rights and privacy act of 1974
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parents have access to school records of children
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judging fairness in classroom
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differs by culture
merit, need and equality EARN the grade
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education reinforces & challenges cultural hisotry
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empowerment, inequities, differential treatment
socialization into societal roles
history taught
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educational process reflects cultural power
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what we learn ,how we learn,who learns involves power
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how does the education structure influences power in education
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-grad requirements
-k-12 achievement test (PSEA)
-tenure/promotion
-libability (eg fairness lead to standardization)
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staged authority
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cultural rituals altered to please tourists
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culture shock
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negative feelings of displacement and disorientation
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8 motivations for travel
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history buff
religious seek
adventure seek
recreational
status seekers
culture seekers
eco tourists
medical
education
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medical tourism
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to receive/provide care
lower cost
to provide/get service unavailable in host country
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three groups of tourism
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tourists - visit a different region
business/service - hotel workers, tour guides, waiters *MOST CONTACT
hosts- residents, locals of the region
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positive effects of tourism on locals
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economic benefits
cultural pride
appreciate culture from outside perspective
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negative effects of tourism on locals
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power differences
crime, traffic, drug
loss of traditions/self esteem
see culture from outside - uncivilized, backwards
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retreatism
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avoid contact with tourists
-high prices
-dont go to tourist areas
-change language and date of events
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resistance
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negative attitude towards tourists
passive - complain about tourists
active - pretend dont know english, make fun, dirty looks
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boundary maintenance
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limit interaction with tourists, keep distance
amish, mennonites, hutterites
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revitalization |
embrace tourists
rediscover history
preserve local culture
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tourist host encounters
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short term - tourists do not stay long
commercialized - souvenirs bought and formed into money maker
unbalanced interaction - tourist vacation, host works, SES differences
long impressions based on superficical knowledge, stereotypes
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6 ways to build intercultural skills?
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1- learn about culture/history
2- learn few words
3- learn local customs/religion
4- observe before speak/act
5- stay flexible /ambiguity
6- be reflective
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search for authenticity
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desire to experience the real cultural traditions
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social norms and expectations
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compartment on street - dress, affection, smiling, male-female interactions based on religion
shopping - touching clothes, trying on, talk with clerks, bargaining
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culture shock depends on...
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time spent in culture
differences btw home and new
physiological aspect of travel (time change, climate, food)
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4 challenges of tourism
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1- search for authenticity
2- social norms and expectations
3- culture shock
4- lang challenge
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political context of tourism
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war, terrorism, government, instability
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economic context of tourism
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inflation, gas $$
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health context of tourism
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SARS, bird flu
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enviro context of tourism
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natural disasters
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social contexts of tourism
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rights of gender, religion, sex orient, etc
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stereotypes
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negative ways of categorizing info
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similarity principles
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alike in interests, personality, attitude
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complementarity in relationship
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differences provide balance, opposites attract
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3 benefits of intercultural relationships
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learn about the world
break stereotypes
acquire new skills
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6 challenges of intercultural relationships
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1. motivation
2. differences in comm, values, etc
3. negative stereotypes
4. anxiety
5. affirm cultural identity
6. needs for explanation
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why anxiety in intercultural relationships?
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1. fear of looking stupid
2. offend other person
3. negative expectations based on stereotypes
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foundation of intercultural relationships
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1. circumstance (work together)
2. frequent contact ( class)
3. physical attractiveness
4. similarity princ
5. complementarity princ
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friendship |
personal, non romantic relationships
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what does friend in other cultures mean?
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US close friendship is equivalent to a friend in most other cultures
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factors to consider for friendship
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length of time
intimacy -self disclosure
history of culture - trust
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cultural differences in relationship
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gender roles
importance of family acceptance
purpose of dating; seriousness
diff btw hetero and homo relationships
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differences between hetero and homo relationships
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intimacy - women and hetero men prefer women, while homo prefer men
sexuality - in hetero, friends & sex exclusive. in homo, friends & sexual are not issues
conflict manage - homo use more affection, more humor, fewer hostile, and are more positive
close friendships - more important for homo ppl
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intercultural dating - how many people in US believe it is acceptable?
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77%
in 1987 only 48%
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who is more likely to date interculturally?
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men more than women
hispanic people more than white
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factors that affect intercultural dating
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men vs women
hispanic vs white
contact with diff cultures (church, school, neighborhood)
diverse friends
ethnic diversity of parents' friends
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family members in interracial marriage?
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37% black
27% hispanic
17% white
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most common type of interracial couple
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white husand and asian wife
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% of people who accept interracial marriage
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85% black
52% white
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how is intercultural contact communication growing in the USA?
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imports/exporters increasingly connected
business from richer countries go to developing countries
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2 things that make international markets attractive
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low costs of technology
low cost of transportation
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does a global business culture exist? why
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no because national cultural differences still matter
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3 communication challenges in intercultural business?
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-ethnocentrism
-stereotyping
-anxiety/uncertainty
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5 work related values that are comm challenges
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individ vs collectivism
attitudes to work
attitudes to business
quality vs efficiency
task vs relationship
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individ vs collectivism
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individuals have responsibilities (US) vs groups given assignments (Japan, Latin America, So. Europe, China, India)
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Attitudes toward work
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work is a virtue/will pay off ( Americans and Germans)
work is a burden and necessity to live ( Australia, Mexico, Italy)
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Attitudes towards business in general
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validity of business as study vs wealth is vulgar
capitalism vs socialism
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quality vs efficiency
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getting job done for lowest cost quickly (American) vs well designed elegant well made and will sell (French and German)
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Task vs Relationship
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Task completed in spite of personal (USA, UK, No. Euro) vs Relationship is most important (Asia, Latin, Arab)
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Language of international business?
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English
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4 pieces of advice when working with other cultures
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-don't assume others are talking about you
-speak simple, but not stupid (no slang)
-be culturally sensitive
-be aware of differences when communicating online
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4 dimensions of comm style
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High/low
Direct/indirect
Elaborate/understated
Honesty/harmony
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High vs low context
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High - info in physical context or in person, not in words, nonverbal (Asia & Africa)
Low - info is in the message, verbal, explicit (USA)
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Direct vs Indirect
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Direct - verbal messages reveal intention (USA)
Indirect - verbal minimize speaker's intentions (European)
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Elaborate vs Understated
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Elaborate - use of rich, expressive language
Understated - simple and silent
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Honesty vs Harmony
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Honesty - tell the truth accuracy, save own's face (USA)
Harmony - keep the peace , save others face (China)
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3 pieces of advice for business etiquette in intercultural contexts
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1- varies from culture to culture
2- most cultures more formal than americans
3- importance of courtesy (handshake, business card, gift, avoid familiarity, informality, joking, teasing; use formal lang)
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What is negotiation?
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when business groups have common interest in work and conflict interest may prevent fthem fromt working together
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4 dimensions of international negotiations
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1- basic concept of negotiation - win-lose or win-win
2- task or relationship priority
3- differences in trust - signed contract
4- preferred form of argument - formal contract or history and social context of relationship
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2 most important factors of intercultural relationship building
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-build trust
-reciprocal behavior
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Discrimination in the workplace? Where is it found?
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less, but still exists. especially in high levels where advancement can happen
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Whose language and comm style is preferred?
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those in power
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Affirmative Action (AA)
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hire people of minorities, women, veterans, disabled
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Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO)
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laws against discrimination in the workplace
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Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
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Make accommodations for disabled people
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3 examples how social, political, historical, events affect intercultural business?
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wars, conflicts, terrorism, violence
SARS - medical issues
environment issues - BP oil spill
Immigration issues
Human rights violations
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