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SOC 100: FINAL EXAM
How did the Ford Motor Company's introduction of the family wage help construct the idea of the traditional family? |
It encouraged men to marry and have children, as the wage was not available to single men or married men without children.
(Recent Changes in Capitalism, Conceptual) |
Why did the barter system, predominant as part of the economic system in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, contribute to the development of the corporation? |
Bartering was only viable in small villages, but in the context of large cities, the need for a monetary system emerged, leading to new institutional types.
(A Brief History of Capitalism, Conceptual) |
According to Milton Friedman, what is a corporation's sole social responsibility? |
to increase its profits through legal means
(The Corporate Psychopath, Factual) |
According to Karl Marx, workers in a capitalist economy are alienated from the products they produce because |
the production process is distributed among many different people.
(Theorizing the Transition to Capitalism, Conceptual) |
According to Marx, capitalism is doomed to fail because of a self-made crisis of overproduction, leading to goods becoming unaffordable by all. This in turn gives rise to socialism, where the needs of the population are met very differently. The fundamental mechanism of distribution that is different in both of these systems is |
the market
(Theorizing the Transition to Capitalism, Applied) |
One of the trends in the current era of globalization is the establishment of trade agreements that |
are multilateral
(Recent Changes in Capitalism, Factual)
|
According to Georg Simmel's view of monetary payment systems, which of the following people is in the best position? |
an analyst for a federal government agency
(Theorizing the Transition to Capitalism, Conceptual) |
In her interview with Dalton Conley, Nitsan Chorev discusses the reasons why developing countries resist trade agreements that include labor and environmental protections. One reason is that |
cheap labor in developing countries often gives them a comparative advantage
(The Reign of the Corporation, Factual)
|
Which of the following is an example of a service sector job? |
cleaning someone's home
(Recent Changes in Capitalism, Conceptual) |
Unionization rates in the United States have __________ over the past 60 years, and recent studies show that __________ workers are interested in being part of a collective bargaining agreement. |
decline; more
(The Corporate Psychopath, Factual) |
Max Weber asserted that capitalism would not have arisen without the Protestant Reformation. Why is this the case? |
Theological insecurity and predestination, coupled with accounting advances, led people to see monetary fortune as a sign from God.
(Theorizing the Transition to Capitalism, Applied) |
Which of the following factors played a role in the development of capitalism? |
new farming technologies
(A Brief History of Capitalism, Factual)
|
According to the text, what is one way that wages were related to marriage in the early twentieth century?
|
The family wage impelled women to stay married, even if their marriages were oppressive.
(Recent Changes in Capitalism, Conceptual) |
One aspect of society that has been exposed very clearly by globalization is the divide between haves and have-nots. The top one percent of adults in the world hold almost half - 46 percent - of the world's wealth. At the other end, the bottom half holds only 1 percent of the world's wealth. In order to be in the top 10 percent of the world's wealthiest citizens, one must hold at least |
$4,000
(Recent Changes in Capitalism, Applied)
|
What fundamental question about the nature of society was Adam Smith interested in that led him to reason out his ideas found in The Wealth of Nations and lay the foundation for capitalism? |
Smith wondered how societies could remain intact and avoid devolving into chaos.
(Theorizing the Transition to Capitalism, Applied) |
In the financial crisis of 2008, numerous large financial institutions were implicated, all indirectly, in the events that precipitated the crisis. Among those firms was Goldman Sachs, one of the world's larger investment firms. Some have alleged that the firm's deep ties to the U.S. government made it possible to capitalize on gains by the use of |
political arbitrage
(The Corporate Psychopath, Applied)
|
Studies show that a primary concern held by U.S. workers about unionizing is related to management hostility. In this age of technology, there's another consideration - employee monitoring. In this scenario, a corporation may require that all electronic communications by employees be subject to oversight, placing a damper on the willingness of employees to speak up or share with others. Underlying all of this is the fear |
of loss of livelihood
(The Corporate Psychopath, Applied)
|
The text discusses the way in which the feudal system under the Tudors in England gradually removed the commons area - the place formerly accessible to those choosing to graze animals - which led to migrations into cities and the appearance of the wage system. Though this was the demise of the feudal system, one significant part of that system continued until the present day. That part was the |
class structure
(A Brief History of Capitalism, Conceptual) |
In what way does a vassal resemble the mechanism of limited liability? |
A vassal, the party in the feudal system that was granted land and permitted to reap the harvest in exchange for military protection, effectively shielding the individual from harm. a form of ownership that creates a division between the individual shareholder or executive and the business entity.
(A Brief History of Capitalism, Conceptual) |
In her interview with Dalton Conley, Nitsan Chorev discusses some of possible approaches to solving the problems that globalization has brought. This includes negotiating trade agreements that include both labor and the environment. Why might such negotiations impact climate change? |
The inclusion of environment in trade agreements could help bring more countries into the process of addressing climate change.
(Recent Changes in Capitalism, Conceptual) |
You believe your supervisor at work is a bad team leader and is jeopardizing the current project you're working on. However, you don't say anything to her or to her boss because you are sure that it won't change anything and that it could even result in you being removed from the project. This scenario is an example of which dimension of power, according to Steven Lukes's definition of the concept? |
second dimension
(Radical Power and Persuasion, Applied) |
Sociologist T. H. Marshall defined three types of citizenship rights. What are they? |
political rights, social rights, and civil rights
(Authority, Legitimacy, and the State, Factual)
|
Which of the following is an example of hard power? |
The United States enforced trade sanctions with North Korea.
(Radical Power and Persuasion, Conceptual) |
In 1969, Charles Manson, with the apparent willing assistance of several others, murdered Hollywood actress Sharon Tate and four other people, and the following day, murdered two more. Manson's "family" was comprised primarily of women whom he had befriended during his travels. The murders were conducted on the basis of Manson's belief in the idea of "Helter Skelter," an apocalyptic race war. That his family members were so easily persuaded to commit violence is an example of |
charismatic authority
(Types of Legitimate Authority, Applied) |
As defined by __________, the state is "a human community that (successfully) claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory." |
Max Weber
(Authority, Legitimacy, and the State, Factual) |
A major American city has been debating building a light rail system for several years. The transit organization holds community meetings, conducts surveys, and performs numerous studies in an effort to devise a proposed plan that has the best chance of being passed by voters. In the end, while voters who support the light rail project have many different ideas about how it should be implemented, they will only be presented with one choice on the ballot. This is an example of using power to |
shape choices
(Radical Power and Persuasion)
|
The Milgram experiment shed light on |
people's inclination to obey an authority figure even when asked to do something unconscionable.
(Obedience to Authority, Factual) |
Which of the following groups is most likely to have a collective action problem? |
a city trying to fight efforts by Walmart to build a new store
(Radical Power and Persuasion, Conceptual) |
In 2011, the Occupy Movement saw a series of demonstrations throughout the country. One of these took place on the campus University of California at Berkeley. Following a series of "teach-outs" that sought to rally participants around the idea that education mattered and should be freely available, demonstrators set up tents in Sproul Plaza. As police arrived to remove the tents. demonstrators locked arms to stop the police. Police then used 36-inch riot batons to force the protestors to disperse. Video footage showed demonstrators being dragged by the hair. Police response to the incident stated that active resistance by linking arms was itself a form of violence. Following this, the campus community passed a resolution condemning the police actions. Is this an example of the paradox of authority, and if so, in what way? |
yes, because the police department used physical force to enforce its will, and lost its legitimate authority
(Authority, Legitimacy, and the State, Conceptual) |
In the United States, the social security system is designed to assist people over the age of 65. In conjunction with the logic of industrialism thesis, why does this identify the United States as a welfare state? |
Industry does not depend on the elderly for work, so the state takes care of them.
(Authority, Legitimacy, and the State, Factual) |
Following the Civil War, Jim Crow laws were enacted during the Reconstruction period. These were racially based efforts to limit the participation of blacks in American society through segregation. Beginning in 1890, a "separate but equal" status took effect in all public facilities in the southern states. Why might we view this as a form of domination authority? |
The implicit threat of violence was a part of black lives and continues today.
(Authority, Legitimacy, and the State, Applied) |
The text notes that one form of political participation - voter turnout - is much lower among the poor than among the higher income groups, but that gap widens further in other forms of political participation such as working for a candidate. According to this line of thinking, what might one reason for the large gap between voting and working for a candidate be? |
Lower-income citizens must work more
(Beyond Strawberry and Vanilla, Factual) |
You're stopped for speeding. As the officer approaches your vehicle, you realize that you know the police officer from high school. As he begins writing out the ticket, he recognizes you, and asks how you are doing. As you reply, "Just fine, thanks," he hands you the ticket. In the realm of legal-rational authority, in which police actions usually are based, rules and procedures are central. Despite your knowing the officer, his actions reflect what important facet of legal-rational authority? |
Authority is attached to roles, not individuals.
(Types of Legitimate Authority, Applied)
|
We have seen how families, supposedly bastions of comfort and solace, can be challenging environments. Think about the last time you shared a Thanksgiving dinner with your family. Of the many dishes that were presented, how many were dishes that you had all been enjoying for, say, most of your life? While it's true that this is not the case with every one of us, for many, it's not only true, but something we all look forward to. What kind of authority might be happening at the family table over Thanksgiving dinner? |
traditional authority
(Types of Legitimate Authority, Conceptual) |
The text discusses two similar approaches to understanding why some states are more democratic than others and how they got that way. Moore suggests that the fate of each nation is determined by a struggle between different social classes. Acemoglu and Robinson, using game theory, suggest that citizens can induce change through the credible threat of revolution. The primary difference between these two approaches is based on including which groups of citizens? |
the bourgeoisie
(Radical Power and Persuasion, Applied)
|
North Korea has been under control of a dynastic succession of leaders of the Kim family since 1945. They have maintained a strong grip on the military and control the economic and political institutions, property and agriculture. Cultural and social power appears to be under the full control of the state apparatus. There is considerable evidence to suggest that famine has occurred on a regular basis. North Korea's leaders have continually moved to prevent all outside access, including economic relationships, with nearly every country excepting the former Soviet Union and China, both communist states. Is North Korea a kind of welfare state? |
yes, because it is responsible for the welfare of its citizens
(Authority, Legitimacy, and the State, Applied) |
You have been invited to a big party by a good friend. You're tired, though, and not really in the mood for dealing with a large crowd of people. When you tell your friend you don't want to go, she starts to cajole you, tease you, and even issue a few veiled threats about how the two of you might not spend much time together in the next few months. What is the difference between your friend's attempts to "persuade" you and what the text calls "domination by authority"? |
the absence of physical force
(Authority, Legitimacy, and the State, Applied) |
Following a long series of bloody wars, the states of Europe developed the international state system, which holds that each state is recognized territorially by the others. From this, the principle of noninterference encourages states not to get involved in the internal affairs of others. The text recounts the tale of Sealand - a spot in international waters taken over by an individual. Is the Sealand saga, and the attempt of other nations to take control of the site, an example of the principle of noninterference? |
yes, because once taken over, it became a legitimate sovereign state
(Authority, Legitimacy, and the State, Applied)
|
How does Taylorism - scientific management used to streamline mass production - resemble a bureaucracy? |
Specialization is a characteristic of both an assembly line and a bureaucracy.
(Types of Legitimate Authority, Applied)
|
Why does the nation of Somalia offer such a glaring exception to Weber's definition of a state? |
Somalia does not have a monopoly of the use of force within their territory.
(Authority, Legitimacy, and the State, Applied) |
Affirmative action has been found to affect the makeup of the student body primarily at what type of U.S. colleges and universities? |
elite institutions
(Higher Education, Factual) |
Socioeconomic status (SES) is a combination of parents' level of education, parents' jobs, family income, and wealth, which has a lot to do with educational opportunity and success. While the money aspect might seem obvious when we realize that SAT preparation services can run $1,000 or more, less clear is how the parents themselves play a role. What might one reason be for a parent or parents to be an active part of improved SES for a student hoping to go to college and not just pay more to get them there? |
Parents with less education might not feel able or be willing to help with a child's more challenging homework.
(Inequalities in Schooling, Applied) |
Stereotype threat, the fear that one's behavior will confirm an existing stereotype of a group with which one identifies, is a pervasive problem for minority group members. In a college environment, it can be even worse than usual. After she graduated from high school in Galveston, Texas, in 2008, Angelica Gonzalez applied to prestigious Emory University and was admitted on the basis of scholastic ability, but after her second year, she found herself drowning in a debt she knew she could probably never repay. A well-meaning professor reached out to her, wondering if she had considered cheaper schools. How might this query by her professor have contributed to her sense of being stereotyped? |
The question simply reinforced what Angelica already had come to learn about herself as being too poor to attend college.
(Inequalities in Schooling, Applied)
|
Ben is the fifth child in a family of nine and has five brothers. When he started college, his parents told him he had to get a job on campus if he wanted to pay for his education as they could not afford a car and his financial aid only covered tuition and basic supplies. Ben's parents are an example of |
the resource dilution model-- Parental resources are finite, so more children in a family result in fewer resources available to each child.
(Inequalities in Schooling, Applied) |
One reason that IQ tests correlate highly with academic performance is that the tests were |
developed to assess one kind of intelligence found in schools.
(Inequalities in Schooling, Applied) |
Which of the following is an example of what sociologist Phillip Jackson called the "hidden curriculum" in schools? |
learning not to talk when the teacher or a classmate is talking
(Learning to Learn or Learning to Labor?, Conceptual) |
The SAT is a controversial topic in higher education these days. The SAT has long been considered to be a way to provide an objective look at student ability and help predict success, but many researchers have noted that the SAT does not do this. What might one of the underlying reasons be for the College Board - the organization that currently administers and controls the SAT - be for continuing to advance the merits of the test? |
to maintain their position as a viable company
(Higher Education, Factual) |
The text recounts an example of the difficulties in the classroom around discipline when the students become rowdy and hard to manage. The teacher so identified in the work of Amanda Lewis, Mr. Ortiz, uses classroom time to encourage students to insult one another. What kind of approach is Mr. Ortiz failing to use in this case? |
teaching methods that are supported by extensive research
(What's Going On Inside Schools?, Applied)
|
The two primary functions of schools are to educate and socialize students. In the beginning of the chapter we read about Patrick, a young Liberian man who enrolls in a Massive Open Online Course (MOOC)-based school. What might be one of the things that the MOOC coursework cannot offer Patrick and other students? |
socialize them
(Learning to Learn or Learning to Labor?, Factual) |
While Shamus Khan's research sheds light on the nature of some private schools, other researchers find that Catholic schools, which are also private schools, were among the most successful in preparing students academically, particularly those from disadvantaged backgrounds. Several researchers suggest that students at Catholic schools make beneficial connections with people, which is an example of |
social capital
(Do Schools Matter?, Conceptual)
|
The ability to deal with bureaucracies and confidence in public social settings allow Liam's parents to be actively involved in the Parent Teacher Association at his school. These traits are an example of |
cultural capital
(Inequalities in Schooling, Conceptual) |
The Coleman Report, issued in 1964 soon after the Brown v. Board of Education decision about desegregation, found that differences in achievement among schools depended primarily on students' family background and their classmates and not on differences in school resources. This had significant implications for equality in education, but no obvious solutions. Studies done following the Coleman report demonstrated that smaller class sizes benefited students significantly. Why might this finding contradict the Coleman report? |
Smaller class sizes would mean that more resources - teachers, classrooms, books and so forth - would be needed.
(Do Schools Matter?, Factual)
|
A __________ response to the question of why there has been a significant increase in the number of high school and college graduates in the United States over the past century might point to the simple rules of supply and demand - a need for a more educated workforce encouraged more people to stay in school longer. |
functionalist
(Higher Education, Conceptual)
|
Which of the following statements about changes in the boy-girl achievement gap during the past 30 years is true? |
Achievements among girls have improved in many ways, while boys from lower-class backgrounds have worsened.
(Inequalities in Schooling, Factual)
|
The practice of tracking - sorting students according to ability - is controversial. Some research suggests it is beneficial, other research that it is not. In his interview with Dalton Conley, Steven Morgan describes his work with non-Catholic students attending Catholic schools. He casts doubt on the benefits of tracking and instead suggests that |
parents' goals for their children may play a large part in their success.
(What's Going On Inside Schools?, Applied) |
Research shows that the closer in age siblings are, the more they compete for family resources, which |
negatively impacts their educational outcomes because they receive comparatively less attention.
(Inequalities in Schooling, Factual) |
Studies have shown that academic performance in private schools outperforms those in public schools. In his interview with Dalton Conley, Shamus Khan talks about St. Paul's School, a private boarding school costing almost $40,000 per year. Khan notes that students attending essentially convert their "birthright into credentials." What important aspect of education in the U.S. is reflected in his comments? |
the problem of addressing inequality in schools
(Do Schools Matter?, Factual) |
Studies show that when low-achieving students are placed in a class with mostly high-achieving students, their academic performance tends to improve. This is an example of the importance of |
Studies show that when low-achieving students are placed in a class with mostly high-achieving students, their academic performance tends to improve. This is an example of the importance of |
The achievement gap between black and white students decreases significantly when students from similar socioeconomic background are compared. What does this tell us about the connection between race, class, and educational outcomes? |
Much of the achievement gap can be attributed to class.
(Inequalities in Schooling, Conceptual)
|
Leticia, a high school student who has been in remedial math classes for years, changes schools and is placed in a regular math class. She is sure she will fail and tries to switch classes, but the remedial class is full. Her new math teacher encourages Leticia and tells her she shows promise with math skills. Halfway through the semester, Leticia is surprised to find that she is doing well in the class. This scenario is an example of |
the Pygmalion effect
(What's Going On Inside Schools?, Conceptual)
|
The gap in understanding different religions is sometimes very wide. The increasing activity of groups like ISIS in the Middle East is part of the far right Islamic factions' efforts to reject what aspect of Western life? |
secularism
(What Is Religion?, Factual) |
The argument that religion is used to perpetuate inequalities has its roots in which theoretical approach to studying religion? |
conflict theory
(Theory: Marx, Weber, and Durkheim, Conceptual)
|
The sect-church cycle helps to explain the |
existence of so many types of Christian churches in the United States.
(The Paradox of Popularity, Factual) |
Alternative medicines are a big business these days. For millions of people, a trip to the doctor has been replaced by a trip to the health food store, or a consultation with an acupuncturist. More people are rejecting the automatic, almost reflexive belief in science and instead looking for meaning elsewhere. While holistic medicines often are a source of solace, many people also look more deeply into their spiritual or religious roots. This is known as reflexive spirituality and is often a response to how people view the idea of |
absolute truths
(At the Micro Level: Is It a Great Big Delusion?, Conceptual)
|
Religious movements have been very adept and successful at leveraging their religiosity into larger social movements. What elements of religion have helped this happen? Why have social movements, such as the temperance movement of the nineteenth century and the civil rights movement of the twentieth century, been closely linked with religious institutions? |
public confession and national sin
(The Power of Religion: Social Movements, Conceptual) |
Highly educated people are more likely to explore faiths that are less traditional. Given what we have studied thus far about class, inequality and education, one of the reasons this might be true is that more highly educated people are |
more likely to have been exposed to alternative thinking
(Religion and the Social Landscape, Applied) |
The Newsweek report detailing the abuses at Guantanamo Bay, where prison guards flushed a copy of the Qur'an (the Muslim Bible) down the toilet, illustrates how symbolic violence is more painful than physical violence. In this instance, the symbolic power resided in the object because it was |
sacred
(What Is Religion?, Factual)
|
In the late 1960s, social scientists observed an apparent increase in secularization and thought that the future of religion was in doubt. According to Peter Berger, secularization was the result of a larger crisis in religion we understand as |
pluralism
(Secularization or Speculation, Applied)
|
The megachurch is a relatively new phenomenon. What are some of the characteristics of this type of church (choose all that apply)? |
FEEDBACK: Megachurches are not a big surprise. Given both the profusion of consumerism and the decline in church attendance, these particular institutions offer as much entertainment value as faith-based services. Business management practices, along with theatrical lighting and performances, live bands, skits, fiery sermons, and a close tie to family-based values make these institutions a money-making proposition.
(Religion and the Social Landscape, Applied) |
Given both Weber's suggestion that, as the text suggests, "the gods fled in the face of a rationalized economy" (another way of saying that as we earned more money, we spent less time at church), and Marx's assertion that modernization would eliminate mysticism, the reality seems to be that while religious attendance in formal institutions is in decline, the numbers claiming religious beliefs or spiritual awakenings has gone up. We might understand this shift as |
an increase in the amount and depth of individual experience.
(At the Micro Level: Is It a Great Big Delusion?, Conceptual)
|
Since the attacks on the World Trade Center in 2001, many Americans have considered Muslims to be religious fanatics whose lives are built on extreme religious faith. Despite the fact that Americans are considered to be among the most religious in the world, the fastest growing segment of religion in America today is |
none
(Introduction, Factual)
|
The text notes that the charisma and strength of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., was instrumental in ushering in the civil rights movement. Dr. King was a very religious man, but the real strength of his effort stemmed from |
his ability to mobilize a wide range of resources.
(The Power of Religion: Social Movements, Conceptual) |
One theory about the growth of conservative churches is that |
members value the high demands of a stricter organization and are more willing to commit time and energy.
(The Paradox of Popularity, Conceptual) |
Émile Durkheim spent considerable time studying animism, an early religion. One of his fundamental conclusions was that religion is a |
social thing
(Theory: Marx, Weber, and Durkheim, Conceptual) |
In her interview with Dalton Conley, Jen'nan Read explains that some Muslims in America have chosen to continue religious traditions as a form of individual identity. Traditions such as the hijab worn by Muslim women make up part of what overarching religious theme? |
the sacred canopy
(Secularization or Speculation, Conceptual) |
Overreporting church attendance is common among Americans. This may be due to the problem of social desirability. Questions about church attendance can place people in a position of answering a questions incorrectly when such questions |
have moral undertones
(Secularization or Speculation, Conceptual)
|
The idea that there is a high level of competition among the various religions in America seems to lead religions to work harder to attract more adherents - customers. One of the main reasons that this is the case is due to the |
extensive diversity of religions found in America.
(Selling God and Shopping for Faith, Conceptual) |
How does religion promote the idea of a traditional family that we considered in an earlier chapter? |
Religious tenets from the Bible selectively reinforce specific family structure.
(Religion and the Social Landscape, Applied)
|
How does the application of microsociology help us understand why people are religious? |
It illuminates the details of individual experience and meaning.
(Secularization or Speculation?, Conceptual) |
Max Weber argued that the development of capitalism was closely intertwined with beliefs and values of Protestantism. Once the capitalist system took full root, however, he held that it was possible that |
the Protestant ethic could simply fade away.
(Theory: Marx, Weber, and Durkheim, Factual)
|