32 Cards in this Set
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Covalent Bond
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Sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms.A stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces.
If the two atoms in a covalent bond approach too closely the system will become less stable.
As two atoms form a covalent bond the energy of the system decreases.
In a stable covalent bon…
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Alkanes
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A hydrocarbon that contains only C-C sigma single bonds. Each C atom in the structure is singly bonded to 4 other atoms and posses tetrahedral geometry.Bond angles: 109.5 degreesThe larger the surface area of an Alkane molecule the higher the boiling point of the compound.
A branched Alk…
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Sigma bond
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Is a covalent bond formed by the overlap of orbitals along a line connecting the two atoms, or along the internuclear axis. The electron distribution in this type of bond is cylindrically symmetrical.
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Pi bond
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P orbitalsPerpendicular to internuclear axis
A multiple bond always contains at least one pi bond.
The pi bond is formed by the sideways overlap of 2 p orbitals.
A pi bond concentrates electron density above and below the plane of the molecule.This type of bond is weaker and more react…
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Isomers
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A more stable isomer will have a lower heat of combustion since it is already at a lower energy (trans-isomer).
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Oxidation
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The process of oxidation results in an increase in the number of C-Z bonds or a decrease in the number of C-H bonds, where Z is an element with a greater electronegativity than H.
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Reduction
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Results in a decrease in C-Z (Z is other atoms more electronegative than C) bonds.
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Molecular Orbital Theory-Frontier (FMO)
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Pi bonds and lone pairs
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Naming an Alkane (Nomenclature)
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1. Each substituent must be numbered, even if there are two or more of the same group in the compound.2. The parent name is obtained by finding the longest continuous carbon chain. 3. If there are two or more of the same substituent the prefixes do, tri, etc. are used. 4. Commas are used …
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In order to form four hybrid bonding orbitals of equal energy, one s and 3 p orbitals from the valence shell of a C atom "mix" to form 4 _____ hybrid orbitals. These orbitals are equal in shape and energy and are arranged in a _______ geometry.
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Sp3; tetrahedral
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Aromatic hydrocarbons are also called
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Arenes
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Alkenes
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Aliphatic hydrocarbons
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Benzene
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Aromatic hydrocarbon
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Covalent bond 2
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A single covalent bond is formed by the overlap of two partly filled orbitals, one from each atom. This produces a new shared orbital where the highest electron density is between the two nuclei.
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The bond formed btw two nonmetal atoms is called a ____ bond. This bond is the result of the attraction btw the ____ of each atom and the electrons of the other. When two atoms are at an optimal distance from each other this attraction is greater than electron-electron repulsion and the e…
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Covalent; nucleus; minimum
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True or FalseFor every bonding molecular orbital there is an antibonding molecular orbital
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True
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True or FalseEach pair of atomic orbitals forms one molecular orbital
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False
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Van der Waals forces
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1. Very weak attraction btw temporary dipoles.2. All covalent compounds exhibit van der Waals forces.
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True or FalseElectrons fill molecular orbitals in the same way that they fill atomic orbitals.
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True
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True or FalseA sigma bonding orbital is designated (sigma)*
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False; (sigma)
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sp2 orbitals
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The formation of sp2 hybrid orbitals leaves one unhybridized p orbital. A group of sp2 hybrid orbitalsmassumesnamtrigonal planar geometry.
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sp3 orbitals
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One s and 3 p orbitals mix to produce four sp3 hybrid orbitals.The four sp3 orbitals of a particular set are equal to each other in energy.
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Suffix
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The functional group or class of compound
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Prefix
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Identity, location, and numberpa
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Parent name
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Number of C atoms in the longest continuous C chain.The chain is numbered to give the first substituent the lowest number.
If the first substituent is the same distance from both ends, the chain is numbered to give the second substituent the lowest number.
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Combustion
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The process of burning a compound in air. Alkanes react readily with O2 gas in this type of reaction to produce carbon dioxide and water as chemical products. The reaction is exo-thermic.
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A carbon substituent in an organic compound is called an ______ group
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Alkyl
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Alkyl group
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Any carbon substituent formed by removing one hydrogen from an Alkane
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Primary Carbon Atom
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If a carbon atom attached to functional group is directly attached to only one carbon then it is "1 C-atom"
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Secondary Carbon Atom
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Directly attached to 2 carbon atoms. "2-C atom"
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Tertiary Carbon Atom
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3 C-atom
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Alkanes 2
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Nonpolar molecules such as alkanes are not soluble in water, because the intermolecular bonding in the water is too strong to be disrupted by the weak attraction btw the Alkane and water molecules. The exclusion of nonpolar molecules from water is called the hydrophobic effect.
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CH 221: TEST 2