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PSYC 1103: EXAM 2
Personality |
the unique pattern of enduring thoughts, feelings, and actions that characterize a person
|
Sigmund Freud |
trained as a medical doctor of neurology
became interested in hypnosis and neurotic disorders
believed that our desires for love, knowledge, security and the like arise from more basic impulses
|
Psychodynamic approach |
assumes that our thoughts, feelings, and behavior are determined by the interaction of various unconscious psychological processes
|
Three main components of personality
|
-ID
-Ego
-Superego
|
ID |
the unconscious portion of personality, in which two kinds of instincts reside
|
Libido |
all about immediate sex
|
Ego |
develops from the ID, tries to find ways to get what a person wants in the real world, as opposed to the fantasy world of the ID
-both conscious and unconscious
|
Superego |
tells us what we should and should not do
|
Defense Mechanisms |
unconscious tactics that protect against anxiety and guilt by either printing threatening material from surfacing or disguising it when it does appear
|
Ego Defense Mechanisms |
-repression
-rationalization
-projection
-compensation
-reaction formation
-displacement
|
Repression |
unconsciously pushing away impulses and memories from awareness
|
Rationalization |
inventing explanations for behavior that sound reasonable
|
Projection |
attributing one's own feelings to another
|
Compensation |
making up for fears/perceived inadequacies by doing other things
|
Reaction Formation |
defending against unacceptable urges by doing the opposite
|
Displacement |
refocusing impulses to a less threatening target
|
Psychosexual Development stages |
Child's first year: oral stage
Child's second year: anal stage
Between ages 3-5: Phallic stage
Latency Period
Genital Stage
|
Child's first year: Oral Stage |
the mouth-- which infants use to eat and explore everything-- is the center of pleasure during this period
|
Child's second year: Anal Stage |
when the child's ego develops to cope with parental demands for socially appropriate behavior
example: toilet training
|
Between ages 3-5: Phallic stage |
Child's focus o pleasure shifts to the genital area
-Oedipus complex
-Penis envy
|
Latency Period |
Which lasts through childhood, sexual impulses stay in the background as the youngster focuses on education, same sex peer play and the development of social skills
|
Genital Stage |
Lasting for the rest of the person's life
|
Carl Jung |
emphasized the libido is not just sexual instinct but rather a more general life force that includes an innate drive for creativity, for growth oriented resolution conflicts, and for productive adjustment of basic impulses in life of real world demands
|
Introversion |
tendency to reflect on one's own experiences
|
Extroversion |
tendency to focus on the social world
|
Collective unconscious |
contains the memories we have inherited from our human and nonhuman ancestors
|
Alfred Adler |
came to believe that the power behind the development of personality comes NOT from the ID impulses but from an innate desire to overcome infantile feelings of helplessness and to gain some control over the environment
|
Karen Horney |
argued that men envy women and pregnancy instead of women envying men's penis
|
Object Relations |
how people's perceptions of themselves and others influence their view of, and reactions to the world
|
Positive Evaluation of Psychodynamic Approach |
-useful description of many aspects of ego defense
-emphasis on unconscious mind
|
Negative Evaluation of Psychodynamic Approach |
-case studies
-no developmental data
-biased interpretations
-overemphasis on sexuality
-failure to consider females
|
The Trait Approach |
Most people describe others by referring to the kinds of people they are; to thoughts, feelings, and actions that are most typical of them; or to their needs
- Traits vs. Types
|
Traits |
involve quantitative differences among people such as how much a certain characteristic they have
|
Types |
involve qualitative differences, such as whether someone possesses a certain characteristic at all
|
Three qualitatively different basic personality types
|
1. Well adjusted/resilient person
2. maladjusted over controlling person
3. maladjusted under controlling person
|
Well adjusted/Resilient person |
flexible, resourceful, successful
|
Maladjusted over controlling perosn |
too self controlled to enjoy life and is difficult of others to deal with
|
Maladjusted under controlling person |
whose excessive impulsiveness can be dangerous for both the person and for others
|
Allport's Trait Theory |
Believed that the set of labels chosen to describe a particular person reflects that person's central traits-- characteristics that are usually obvious to others and organize and control behavior in many different situations
|
Central traits |
organize and control behavior across a wide range of situations
- dimensional
|
Secondary Traits |
-describe specific behaviors
-idiosyncratic
|
The Five Factor Personality Model |
- Factor analysis used to study which terms relate to one another
1. Openness to experience
2. Conscientiousness
3. Extraversion
4. Agreeableness
5. Neutroicism
|
Openness to Experience |
- curious, artistic, creative vs. cautious, reserved
|
Conscientiousness |
Efficient, self disciplined vs. careless, easy going
|
Extraversion |
active, outgoing, gregarious, vs. solitary, not seeking social relations
|
Agreeableness |
Friendly, compassionate vs. antagonistic, emotionally cold
|
Neuroticism |
Unpleasant vs. pleasant emotionally
|
Eysenck's Biological Trait Theory |
Used factor analysis to study the structure of personality and thus helped lay the groundwork for the five factor personality model
|
Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory |
differences among people in introversion-extroversion and emotionality stability originate in brain regions containing systems that influence how sensitive people are to different kinds of events
|
Behavioral Approach System |
people's sensitivity to rewards and their motivation not seek those rewards
- brains regions that affect sensitivity to rewards
-"Go" systems governs impulsivity
-Associated with positive emotions
|
Behavioral Inhibition System |
-brain regions that affect sensitivity to punishment
- "Stop" system, governs fearfulness
-Associated with negative emotions
|
Positive Evaluation of Trait Theories |
-Dimensions of personality hold cultures
-Traits predict behavior
-Agnostic with regards to sources of personality and differences
|
Negative Evaluation of Trait Theories |
-Trait theories only describe
-Name the phenomena
-No explanation of how traits emerge
-No explanation of how traits fit into theory of individual
-effects situations, biology and culture
|
The Social Cognitive Approach |
-Differs from psychodynamic and trait approaches
-Social cognitive theorists look to conscious thoughts and emotions for clues to how people differ from one another and what guides their behavior
-the social cognitive approach did not grow out of clinical cases or other descriptions of people's personalities
|
Function Analysis |
Skinner tried to understand behavior in terms of the function it serves in obtaining rewards or avoiding punishment
|
Rotter's Expectancy Theory |
Argued that learning creates cognitions, known as expectancies that guide behavior
|
Bandura |
sees personality as shaped by the ways in which thoughts, behavior, and the environment influence one another
|
Reciprocal Determinism |
Reciprocal Determinism |
Self Efficacy |
the learned expectation of success
|
Cognitive Person Variables |
learned beliefs, feelings and expectancies characterize each individual and make that individual different from other people
|
Encodings |
Beliefs about the world and other people
|
Expectancies |
including self efficacy and what can be expected following various actions
|
Affects |
feelings and emotions
|
Goals and Values |
what a person believes in and wants to achieve
|
Competencies and self-regulatory plans |
the things a person can do and the ability to thoughtfully plan and control goal directed behavior
|
The Humanistic Psychology Approach |
this approach to personality focuses on mental capabilities that set humans apart: self awareness, creativity, planning, decision making, and responsibility
|
Phenomenology |
way of perceiving and interpreting the world, that shapes personality and guides behavior
|
Phenomenological Approach |
all behavior is presumed to be meaningful to the person displaying it
|
Actualizing Tendency |
an innate inclination toward growth and fulfillment that motivates all human behavior and is expressed in a unique way by each individual
|
Self |
the part of experience that a person identifies as "I" or "me"
|
Self actualization |
those who accurately experience the self-- with all its preferences, abilities, fantasies and short comings and desires
|
Postive regard |
when children learn to need other people's approval
|
Congruent with self experience |
when evaluations made by parents, teachers and others are in agreement with a child's own self evaluations
|
Self concept |
the way one things of oneself
|
Incongruent |
at odds with their true feelings
|
Conditions of Worth |
created whenever people are evaluated instead of their behavior
|
Maslow's Growth Theory |
regarded personality as the expression of a basic human tendency toward growth and self actualization
|
Deficiency Motivation |
the preoccupation with perceived needs for material things, especially things they do not have
|
Growth motivation |
do not focus on what is missing but draw satisfaction form what they have, what they are and what they can do
|
Peak experiences |
people feel joy, even ecstasy, in the mere fact of being alive, being human and knowing that they are realizing their fullest potential
|
Hierarchy of Needs |
1. First level: psychological needs such as food,water, warmth and rest
2. Second level: safety needs like security
3. Third level: belongingness and love needs like intimate relationships and friends
4. Fourth level: esteem needs such as prestige and feelings of accomplishment
5. Fifth level: self actualization i.e. achieving one's full potential, including creative activities
lower needs must be satisfied to move on to higher needs
|
Assessing Personality |
psychologists usually describe people's personalities using information from the four main sources
1. life outcomes
2. situational tests
3. observer ratings
4. self reports
|
Life outcomes |
such as level of education, income, or marital status
|
Situational Tests |
laboratory measurements of behavioral, emotional and physiological reaction to conflict, frustration and the like
|
Observer ratings |
judgements about a person made by family or friends
-allow direct assessment of many aspects of behavior, including how often, how effectively and how consistently various actions occur
|
Self Reports |
Responses to interviews and personality tests
|
Projective Personality measures |
contain items or tasks that are ambiguous, meaning that they can be perceived in many different ways
|
Psychopathology |
patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior that result in personal distress or a significant impairment in a person's social or occupation functioning
|
Statistical infrequency |
what is unusual or rare would be considered deviant
|
Distress |
personal suffering
|
Impaired Functioning |
having difficulty in fulfilling appropriate and expected roles in family, social and work related situations
|
Biopsychosocial approach with mental disorders |
mental disorders are regarded as resulting from the combination and interaction of biological, psychological and sociocultural factors
|
Sociocultural perspective |
suggests that we cannot fully explain all forms of psychopathology without looking outside the individual-- especially at the social and cultural factors that form the background of abnormal behavior
|
Sociocultural Factors |
gender, age, and marital status, the physical, social, and economic situations in which people live; and the cultural values, traditions, and expectations in which they are immersed
|
Cultural general |
appearing everywhere in the world
|
A Classification System |
DSM-IV-TR
- describes the abnormal patterns of thinking, emotion, and behavior that define various mental disorders
|
Axis I |
major mental disorders
- major depression
-anxiety disorders
-somatoform disorders
|
Axis II |
lifelong conditions that tend not to change much over time
-personality disorders
-mental retardation
|
Axis III: |
any medical conditions that might be important in understanding the person's cognitive, emotional or behavior problems
-HIV
-Cancer
|
Axis IV |
notes any psychosocial and environmental factors that are important for understanding the person's psychological problems
-poverty, family strife
|
Axis V |
rating the person's current level of psychological, social and occupational functioning
-rating of current level of functioning 1-100
|
Neurosis |
refers to conditions in which some form of anxiety is the major characteristics
|
Psychosis |
refers to conditions involving severe thought disorders that leave people out of touch with reality or unable to function on a daily basis
|
Interrater Reliability |
the degree to which different mental health professionals give the same person the same diagnostic label
|
Phobia |
defined as an intense, irrational fear of an object or situation that is not likely to be dangerous
|
Specific Phobia |
include fear and avoidances of heights, blood, animals, automobile or air travel or other specific stimuli and situations
- they are the most prevalent anxiety disorder in the US
|
Social Phobias |
involve anxiety about being criticized by others or acting in a way that is embarrassing or humiliating
|
Agoraphobia |
a strong fear of being away from a safe place, such as home; of being away from a familiar person, or of being in a place that might be difficult to leave where help may be unavailable
|
Generalized Anxiety Disorder |
excessive and long lasting anxiety that is not focused on any particular object or situation, not triggered by anything specific either
|
Free Floating Anxiety |
when the problem occurs in almost all situatiosn and the person cannot pinpoint the source
|
Panic Disorder |
people suffering from panic disorder experience recurrent, terrifying panic attacks that come without warning or obvious cause
|
Obsessive-Compulsive disorder |
people are plagued by persistent, upsetting, and unwanted thoughts called obsessions that often center on the possibility of infection, contamination or doing harm to themselves or others
|
Compulsions |
ritualistic, repetitive behaviors motivated by obsessive thoughts
|
Somatic |
bodily disorder
|
somatoform disorders |
these conditions reflect psychological problems that take somatic form
|
Conversion disorder |
a condition in which a person appears to be, but is not, blind, deaf, paralyzed, or insensitive to pain in various parts of the bdoy
|
Hypochondriasis |
a strong, unjustified fear that one has cancer, heart disease, AIDs, or seem other serious physical problems
|
Somatoform pain disorder |
marked by complaints of severe, often constant pain with no physical cause
|
Body dysmorphic disorder |
the person is intensely distressed about an imaging abnormality of the skin, hair, face or other bodily area
|
Fugue reaction/dissociative Fugue |
characterized by sudden wandering an loss of memory for or confusion about personal identity
|
Dissociative amnesia |
involves sudden memory loss about personal information, but the person does not leave home or create a new identity
|
Dissociative Identity Disorder/Multiple Personality Disorder |
a person diagnosed with DID appears to have more than one identity, each of which speaks, acts, and writes in a different way
|
Psychodynamic theorists and DID |
they see massive repression of unwanted impulses or memories as the basis for creating a new person who acts out otherwise unacceptable impulses or recalls otherwise unbearable memories
|
Social Cognitive theorists and DID |
focus on the fact that everyone is capable of behaving in different ways, depending on circumstances, but in rare cases, they say, this variation can become so extreme that an individual feels-- and is perceived by others as being -- a different person
|
Affective Disorders |
when people experience extremes of mood-- wild elation or deep depression-- for long periods, when they shift rapidly from one extreme to another, and especially when their moods are not consistent with the events around them
two main types:
-depressive disorders
-bipolar disorders
|
Major depression |
person feels sad and overwhelmed, typically losing interest in activities and relationships and taking pleasure in nothing
|
Delusions |
false beliefs, occur in extreme depressive disorders
|
Dysthymic Disorder |
the person experiences sad mood, lack of interest, and loss of pleasure associated with major depression, but less intensely and for a longer period
|
Bipolar disorders |
alternating appearance of two emotional extremes or poles
-one emotional pole: depression
-one emotional pole: mania
|
Mania |
an extremely agitated and usually elated emotional state
|
Bipolar I disorder |
manic episodes may alternate with periods of deep depression
|
Bipolar II Disorder |
episodes of major depression alternate with episodes known as hypomania which hare less severe than manic phases
|
Cyclothymic personality |
milder mood swings, involves episodes of depression and mania, but the intensity of both moods is less severe than bipolar I
|
Seasonal Affective Disorder |
consistently experience a calendar linked patterned of depressive episodes
|
Social Cognitive |
the way people think about their stressors can increase or decrease the likelihood of affective disorders
|
Mental habits of depressed people |
1. Blaming themselves when things go wrong
2. focusing on and exaggerating the negative side effects
3. jumping to overly generalized, pessimistic conclusions
|
Negative Attributional Style |
they attribute negative events to their own characteristics and believe they will never be capable of doing better
|
Schizophrenia |
pattern of extremely disturbed thinking, emotion, perception, and behavior that seriously impairs the ability to communicate and relate to others and disrupts most other aspects of daily functioning
|
Characteristics of Schizophrenia |
-distorted perception of reality
-altered or blunted emotion
-disturbances in thought motivation and behavior
-DSM 4 requires two more symptoms for at least one mont h with signs of disorder lasting for at least six months
|
Symptoms of Schizophrenia |
-delusion
-hallucination
-disorganized speech
-grossly disorganized behavior
-negative symptoms
|
Loose associations |
the tendency for on thought to be logically unconnected or only slightly related to the next
|
Hallucinations |
false perceptions
|
Disorganized speech |
severe disruption in semantic coherence
|
Grossly disorganized behavior |
behavior that is inappropriate for setting goals
|
negative symptoms |
emotional, social withdrawal, poverty of speech, lack of motivation
|
Five major types of schizophrenia |
Paranoid
Disorganized
Catatonic
Undifferentiated
|
Paranoid Schizoprenia |
-dominated by delusions--> grandeur, persecution
-often with hallucinations--> resulting in unpredictable behavior
-Typically less disorganized behavior
-less withdrawal
-40% of people who have schizophrenia have this type
|
Disorganized Schizophrenia |
-delusions
-hallucinations
-neglected hygiene
-much disorganized behavior
-prevalent among homeless
-5% of schizophrenics have this type
|
Catatonic Schizophrenia |
-alternating periods of extreme withdrawal with extreme excitement
-remain motionless for hours, even day
-waxy flexibility
-suddenly become very animated, impulsive even frenzied
-8% of schizophrenics have this type
|
Undifferentiated |
Patterns of disordered behavior that do not fall into other types
-40% of schizophrenics have this type
|
Positive Symptoms |
disorganized thoughts, delusions, hallucinations
they appear as undesirable additions to a person's mental life
|
Negative Symptoms |
the absence of pleasure and motivation, lack of emotional reactivity, social withdrawal, reduced speech
they appear to subtract elements from normal mental life
|
Psychotic |
hallucinations, delusions
|
hallucinations, delusions
|
incoherent speech, chaotic behavior, inappropriate affect
|
negative |
lack of speech motivation
|
Schizophrenia spectrum |
implying that each cluster may develop differently and require different treatments
|
Schizoeffective disorder |
show symptoms of both schizophrenia and depression
|
Schizophreniform |
characterized by schizophrenia like symptoms that do not last as long as those typically seen
|
Odd Eccentric/Cluster A |
includes paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypical personality disorders
|
Schizotypical |
-odd behavior and speech
-unusual preoccupations and fears
-magical thinking
-have trouble with relationships
-bothered by lack of intimacy
|
Dramatic Erratic Cluster/Cluster B |
includes histrionic, narcissistic, borderline, and antisocial personality disorders
|
Histrionic |
-excessive emotionality
-center of attention
-shallow feelings
-constant need of approval
|
Narcissistic |
-obsessive self interest
-excessive self importance
-exaggerate achievements
|
Antisocial Personality Disorder |
-impulsive
-irresponsible
-lack of morality
-spectrum from "con artists" to "sociopaths"
|
Anxious-fearful cluster/Cluster C |
includes dependent, obsessive compulsive, and avoidant personality disorders
|
Dependent |
-avoid being alone
-fears of being abandoned
-over reliance on others
-passive in relationships
|
Obsessive compulsive personality |
-preoccupied with rules, orderliness, control
-inability to discard things
-unwillingness to show affection
|
Avoidant |
-excessive shyness
-feelings of inadequacy
-difficulty with intimacy
-overestimate problems
|
Antisocial personality disorder behaviors |
long term pattern of irresponsible, impulsive, dishonest, unscrupulous, and even criminal behavior beginning in childhood
|
Moral Insanity |
people displaying it appear to have no morals or common decency
|
Sociopath/psychopath |
individuals who display shallow emotions, lack of empathy, and superficial charm and who callously violate social norms
|
ADP characteristics |
lack of anxiety, remorse or guilt, manipulative, charming, arrogant, self centered, intelligent
|
Externalized/undercontrolled category |
includes behaviors that are particularly disturbing to people in the child's environmnet
|
Conduct disorders |
lack of control
|
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder |
impulsive, inattentive
|
Internalizing/overcontrol |
children experience significant distress, especially in depression and anxiety and may be socially withdrawn
|
Separation anxiety disorder |
constantly worried they will be lost, kidnapped, or injured or some harm may come to a parent
|
Autistic Spectrum Disorders |
severity of symptoms may vary
|
Asperger's syndrome |
impaired relationships, not severe autism, engage in repetitive behaviors, may memorize arcane facts or activities but they show few severe cognitive deficits and are able to function adaptively and in some cases independently
|
Biological roots |
genetic factors, neurodevelopment abnormalities affecting language and communication
|
Substance related disorders |
the use of psychoactive drugs for months or years in ways that harm the user or others
|
Addiction |
a physical need for the substance, a physiological dependence
|
Drug tolerance |
evident when the person needs more and more of a substance to achieve the desired state
|
Withdrawal symptoms |
when they stop using the substance they experience painful, often terrifying and potentially dangerous symptoms
|
Psychological/behavioral dependence |
drug has become their primary source of reward and their lives essentially revolve around getting and using it
|
Substance abuse |
rely on drug to bolster self confidence or to avoid depression, anger, fear, or other unpleasant feelings, the drug effects these people seek impair their ability to hold a job, care for their children or drive safely
|
Alcohol abuse |
characterized by a pattern of continuous or intermittent drinking that may lead to alcohol dependence
|
Alcoholism |
alcohol dependence or abuse
|
Biopsychosocial approach in alcoholism |
suggests that alcohol uses disorders stem from a combination of genetic characteristics--> inherited aspects of temperament such as impulsivity and emotionality
|
Inpatients |
are treated in a hospital or other residential institution, they are voluntarily or involuntarily committed to these institutions because their problems are severe enough to pose a threat to their well being or the safety of others
|
Outpatients |
receive psychotherapy or prescription drugs, or both while living in the community, compared with inpatients, they tend to have fewer and less severe symptoms of disorder and function better in social and occupational situations
|
Psychiatrists |
medical doctors who have completed specialty training in the treatment of psychological disorders
- authorized to prescribe drugs for relief of psychological problems
|
Psychologists |
offer psychotherapy have usually completed a doctoral degree in clinical our counseling psychology, often followed by additional specialized training
-not authorized to prescribe drugs
|
General goal of treatment |
hel troubled people change their thinking, feelings, and behavior in ways that will relieve discomfort, promote happiness, and improve their overall functioning as parents, students and workers
|
Central to Freud's approach |
the assumption that personality and behavior reflects the efforts of the ego to deal with, mostly unconscious, conflicts among various components of the personality
|
Psychoanalysis |
aimed at understanding these unconscious conflicts and how they affect clients
|
Free Association |
process where patients lay on a couch and a report whatever thoughts, memories or images came to mind
|
Short term psychotherapy |
they aim to provide benefits in far less time than is required in classical psychoanalysis
|
Object relations therapy |
the powerful need for human contact and support takes center stage
|
interpersonal therapy |
focuses on helping clients explore and overcome the problematic effects of interpersonal events that occur after early childhood-- events such as the loss of a loved one, conflicts with a parent or a spouse, job loss, or social isolation
|
Humanistic psychologists/phenomenologists |
see people as capable of consciously controlling their own actions and taking responsibility for their own decisions
|
Client/person centered therapy |
relies on the creation of a relationships that reflects three intertwined attitudes of the therapist
-unconditional positive regard
-empathy
-congruence
|
Unconditional positive regard/Acceptance |
expressed by treating the client as a valued person, not matter what
|
Empathy |
an emotional understanding of what the client might be thinking and feeling
|
Active Listening/reflection |
a paraphrased summary of the client's words that emphasizes the feelings and meanings that seem to accompany them
|
Congruence |
portrayed by acting in ways that are consistent with their feelings during therapy
|
Gestalt psychology |
emphasized the idea that people actively organize their perceptions of the world
- he believed that people create their own versions of reality and that their natural psychological growth continues only as long as they accurately perceive, remain aware of and act on their true feelings
|
Gestalt Therapy |
seeks to create conditions in which clients become more unified, self aware and self accepting thus ready to grow again
|
Behavior therapy |
try to help clients develop different kind of knowledge, namely, the most psychological problems are learned behaviors and that they can be changed by taking action to learn new ones without first searching for hidden meanings or unconscious causes
|
Behavioral/Social Cognitive approaches |
these approaches tend to emphasize the role of learning in the development of personality as well as in most psychological disorders
|
Behavior Therapy |
treatment that relies on classical conditioning
|
Behavior modification |
treatment that focuses on operant conditioning
|
Cognitive behavior therapy |
behavioral treatment that focuses on the changing thoughts as well as overt behaviors
|
Systematic desensitization therapy |
it is a method in which the client visualizes a series of anxiety provoking stimuli while remaining calm
|
Progressive relaxation training |
while relaxed, the clients would be asked to imagine an item from a desensitization hierarchy--> a sequence of increasingly fear provoking situations
|
Modeling |
the client watches the therapist or other people perform desired behaviors, thus learning skills vicariously, or secondhand
|
Social skills training |
has been used to help children get along better with peers, to help social phobic singles make conversation on dates, and to help rebuild mental patients' ability to interact normally in social situations
|
Assertive Training |
the therapist helps clients learn to be more direct and expressive in social situations
|
Positive reinforcement |
used to change problematic behaviors and to teach new skills in cases ranging from childhood tantrums and juvenile delinquency to schizophrenia and substance abuse
|
Token economy systems |
systems in which desirable behaviors are positively reinforced with coin like tokens or points that can be exchanged later for snacks, access to television, or other rewards
|
Extinction |
failing to reinforce undesirable behaviors can make them less likely to occur
|
Flooding |
an anxiety reduction treatment in which clients are kept in a feared but harmless situation and are not permitted to use their normally rewarding escape strategies
|
Aversion Therapy |
methods for reducing the appeal of certain stimuli
|
Aversion conditioning |
these methods rely on classical conditioning principle to associate nausea, painful electrical shock, or some other unpleasant stimulus with undesirable actions, thoughts or situations
|
Punishment |
an operant conditioning technique; it presents the unpleasant stimulus after the undesirable response occurs
|
Cognitive Behavior Therapists |
behavior therapists that rely on learning principles to help clients change what they think
|
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) |
based on the notion that anxiety, guilt, depression, and other psychologic problems are caused by how people think about events, not by the events themselves
|
Cognitive Restructuring |
behavioral techniques aimed at replacing upsetting thoughts with alternative thinking patterns
|
Stress inoculation training |
in which clients imagine being in a stressful situation and then practice newly learned cognitive skills to remain calm
|
Aaron Beck: Cognitive therapy |
Beck's treatment approach is based on the idea that certain psychological problems-- especially those involving depression and anxiety, as well as some personality disorders-- can be traced to errors in logic or what he calls cognitive distortions
|
Cognitive distortions |
catastrophizing
all or none thinking
personalization
|
Group therapy |
refers to treatment of several unrelated clients under the guidance of a therapist who encourages helpful interactions among group members
|
Self help organizations |
self help groups are made up of people who share a problematic experience and meet to help one another
|
Family therapy |
involves treatment of two or more individuals that form the same family system, one of whom-- often a troubled child or adolescent-- is the initially identified client
|
The goal of family therapy |
not just to ease the identified client's problem but also to create greater harmony and balance within the family by helping each member understand the family's interaction patterns
|
Couples therapy |
communication between partners is the main focus of treatment
|
psychosurgery |
involves the destruction of brain tissues for the purpose of treating mental disorder
|
prefrontal lobotomy |
in which small holes are drilled in the forward portion of the skull and a sharp instrument is inserted and moved from side to side to cut connections between the prefrontal cortex and the rest of the brain
|
electroconvulsive shock therapy |
passing an electric current through the brain
|
magnetic seizure therapy |
which induces seizures with timed pulses of magnetic energy
|
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation |
does not cause seizures but requires the placement of electrodes in the brain to provide continuous pulses of electricity to a particular target area
|
Neuroleptic drugs/antipsychotics |
dramatically reduce the intensity of psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, paranoid suspiciousness, disordered thinking, and confused speech in many mental patients, especially those with schizophrenia
|
Tardive Dyskinesia |
causes uncontrollable repetitive actions often including twitching of the face, flailing of arms and legs, and thrusting of tongue
|
antidepressant drugs |
a class of mediations that now constitute the most widely prescribed treatment for depression
|
Gradual exposure |
clients receiving gradual exposure alone showed better short and long term benefits than those getting either the drug alone or a combination of that drug and gradual exposure
|
Reputake |
the process by which the neurotransmitter would normally return to the brain cell from which it was released
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community psychology |
which seeks to treat people in their local communities and work for social changes that can help prevent psychological disorders
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Community health movement |
amid growing concern that patients were not improving after years of confinement in mental hospitals
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